Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase)
8,497 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the effects of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), bovine retractor penis muscle inhibitory factor and sodium nitroprusside, three stimulants of guanylate cyclase, on the in vitro aggregation of washed human platelets. Platelet aggregation induced either by collagen or by the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 was inhibited by all three agents. The anti-aggregatory effect of each agent was inhibited by haemoglobin. The anti-aggregatory effect of EDRF was potentiated by superoxide dismutase. These findings are discussed in relation to a potential role for EDRF in haemostasis.
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PMID:Endothelium-derived relaxing factor inhibits in vitro platelet aggregation. 349 10

Recent studies have suggested that cyclic GMP accumulation in platelets mediates the antiaggregatory effects of certain nitrogen oxide-containing agents such as sodium nitroprusside, nitric oxide, nitrosoguanidines, and related agents. The vasodilator effect of these agents may involve the formation of S-nitrosothiol intermediates which relax vascular smooth muscle, elevate tissue levels of cyclic GMP, and activate guanylate cyclase. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various synthetic S-nitrosothiols on human platelet aggregation. The S-nitroso derivatives of N-acetylpenicillamine, cysteine, and beta-D-thioglucose inhibited human platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent fashion when ADP, collagen, U46619, or sodium arachidonate was employed as the aggregating agent. The antiaggregatory effects of the S-nitrosothiols were associated with a rapid and marked increase in intracellular platelet cyclic GMP levels, whereas cyclic AMP levels remained unchanged. Additionally, S-nitrosothiols disaggregated platelets which had been aggregated while concomitantly elevating platelet cyclic GMP levels. Moreover, guanylate cyclase, partially purified from the soluble fraction of human platelets, was markedly activated by S-nitrosothiols in a heme-dependent manner. Methemoglobin, a hemoprotein with a high affinity for nitric oxide, partially reversed the antiaggregatory effects, attenuated the accumulation of cyclic GMP, and inhibited the activation of guanylate cyclase by S-nitrosothiols. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that S-nitrosothiols could serve as active intermediates in the inhibitory action of sodium nitroprusside, nitric oxide, and related nitrogen oxides on platelet aggregation.
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PMID:Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by S-nitrosothiols. Heme-dependent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and stimulation of cyclic GMP accumulation. 613 48

The effects of a novel compound, 1-(3-chloroanilino)-4-phenylphthalazine (MY-5445), on cyclic nucleotide metabolism and in vitro aggregation of human platelets were investigated. The concentrations of MY-5445 producing 50% inhibition of human platelet aggregation induced by 3 microM ADP, 3 micrograms/ml of collagen and 100 micrograms/ml of arachidonic acid were 0.07, 0.02 and 0.17 microM, respectively. Addition of MY-5445 significantly elevated cyclic GMP content in human platelets but had no effect on cyclic AMP content, suggesting that the drug affects principally the cyclic GMP metabolism in the platelet. Although MY-5445 had no effect on either adenylate cyclase or guanylate cyclase activity, it inhibited specifically human platelet cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase which was separated from cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography. The inhibitory effect of MY-5445 on cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase was also demonstrated by direct binding of the enzyme to MY-5445 coupled Sepharose, which was a useful tool for purifying the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase from human platelet. These results would suggest that MY-5445 inhibits human platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic GMP content and that it provides a useful probe for elucidating the role of cyclic GMP in platelet aggregation.
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PMID:Effect of 1-(3-chloroanilino)-4-phenylphthalazine (MY-5445), a specific inhibitor of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, on human platelet aggregation. 614 Dec 86

The effect of mepacrine (DL-quinacrine-HCI), a specific inhibitor of phospholipase C, on cyclic-GMP levels in human platelets was investigated. The concentrations of mepacrine producing 50% inhibition of human platelet aggregation induced by 5 microM ADP and 3 micrograms/ml of collagen were 50 +/- 8 and 70 +/- 15 microM, respectively. Addition of mepacrine to human platelet suspension resulted in increases in cyclic GMP. In contrast to cyclic-GMP levels, cyclic-AMP content was not affected by mepacrine. Mepacrine did not stimulate guanylate cyclase, but did specifically inhibit human platelet cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase, separated from cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase or other forms of phosphodiesterase on DEAE-cellulose columns. Stimulation by cyclic GMP of human platelet cyclic-GMP-stimulated cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity was not inhibited by mepacrine. The IC50 value of the drug for cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase was 40 microM, and IC50 for cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase was 1.2 mM. Mepacrine was 30-times more potent as an inhibitor of human platelet cyclic GMP than of cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase. Mepacrine blocks arachidonate release from human platelets by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. The increase in cyclic-GMP levels produced by addition of mepacrine will explain part of the pharmacological action of this drug.
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PMID:Mepacrine-induced inhibition of human platelet cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. 614 62

Adhesion of human platelets to type I collagen under arterial flow conditions is extremely fast, being mediated primarily by the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin (glycoprotein Ia/IIa). We have investigated the involvement of cyclic nucleotides in platelet adhesion to soluble native collagen immobilized on Sepharose beads using a new microadhesion assay under arterial flow conditions. To prevent platelet stimulation by thromboxanes and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), experiments were performed with aspirin-treated platelets in the presence of ADP-removing enzyme systems such as creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase or apyrase. Rapid reciprocal changes in platelet adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) occurred during adhesion. cAMP levels in adherent platelets were 2.4-fold lower than in effluent platelets or in static controls, whereas cGMP levels were increased 2.4-fold. These results suggest that contact between platelets and collagen stimulates guanylate cyclase and inhibits adenylate cyclase. This occurs in the absence of the platelet release reaction. We also studied short-term effects of agents that regulate cyclic nucleotide synthesis, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). After only 3.8 seconds at 10 to 30 dyne/cm2, PGE1 (10 mumol/L) increased cAMP 16.4-fold, whereas SNP (50 mumol/L) increased cGMP ninefold and caused a 3.2-fold increase in cAMP. Both PGE1 and SNP rapidly (< 5 seconds) inhibited platelet adhesion in a dose-dependent manner that was correlated with the increase in cyclic nucleotides. Our data suggest that cAMP and cGMP play a regulatory role in the initial phases of platelet adhesion to collagen mediated by the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin receptor.
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PMID:Role of cyclic nucleotides in rapid platelet adhesion to collagen. 751 2

To investigate whether insulin reduces platelet aggregability through a modulation of the guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations, we determined by a radioimmunoassay the cGMP values in the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) obtained from 17 healthy volunteers and incubated for 3 min with different concentrations of human recombinant insulin (0, 240, 480, 720, 960, and 1,920 pM). Insulin induced a dose-dependent cGMP increase, from 18.5 +/- 3.3 to 42.0 +/- 6.4 pmol/10(9) platelets (P = 0.0001). This increase was completely blunted when PRP was preincubated for 20 min with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (10 microM) or with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (10 microM), but the increase remained highly significant (P = 0.003 and 0.009) when PRP was preincubated for 20 min with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX, 500 microM) or with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-mono-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 30 microM). Finally, the insulin-induced decrease of platelet aggregability to collagen and ADP was completely blunted when PRP was preincubated with 10 microM of the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue. This study demonstrates that the platelet anti-aggregatory effect exerted by insulin is attributable to the insulin-induced increase of cGMP that is due to a direct receptor-mediated platelet guanylate cyclase activation.
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PMID:Insulin increases guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in human platelets. A mechanism involved in the insulin anti-aggregating effect. 751 80

YC-1 [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole] inhibited the aggregation of and ATP release from washed rabbit platelets induced by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen, U46619, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and thrombin in a concentration-dependent manner. YC-1 also disaggregated the clumped platelets caused by these inducers. The thromboxane B2 formation caused by collagen, PAF, and thrombin was inhibited by concentrations of YC-1 that did not affect formation of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin D2 caused by AA. YC-1 suppressed the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate caused by these five aggregation inducers. Both the cAMP and cGMP contents of platelets were increased by YC-1 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Like sodium nitroprusside, YC-1 potentiated formation of cAMP caused by prostaglandin E1 but not that by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Adenylate cyclase and cAMP phosphodiesterase activities were not altered by YC-1. Activity of cGMP phosphodiesterase was unaffected by YC-1. Activities of guanylate cyclase in platelet homogenate and cytosolic fraction were activated by YC-1, whereas particulate guanylate cyclase activity was unaffected. The antiplatelet effect of sodium nitroprusside but not that of YC-1 was blocked by hemoglobin and potentiated by superoxide dismutase. After intraperitoneal administration for 30 minutes, YC-1 prolonged the tail bleeding time of conscious mice. These data indicate that YC-1 is a direct soluble guanylate cyclase activator in rabbit platelets. It may also possess antithrombotic potential in vivo.
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PMID:YC-1, a novel activator of platelet guanylate cyclase. 752 71

1. Isolated human platelets were used to investigate the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on in vitro platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine, ADP, collagen and 5-hydroxytryptamine. As a direct stimulant of particulate guanylate cyclase, ANP is known to have no direct effect on platelets which contain soluble guanylate cyclase. 2. In our experiments ANP inhibited epinephrine- and partially ADP-induced aggregation in vitro and this effect was suggested to be the result of an interaction of the peptide with adenylate cyclase in platelets. However, the concentrations required to produce this effect were higher than those expected to be found in the circulation both physiologically and pathologically. 3. We therefore conclude that though the peptide may inhibit-aggregation via adenylate cyclase activation, it is unlikely that ANP may play a direct role in preventing platelets aggregating.
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PMID:Platelet aggregation and atrial natriuretic peptide. 759 Jan 39

1. The mechanism of action and biological activity of a series of R-substituted and di-R-substituted phenylfuroxans is reported. 2. Maximal potency as vasodilators on rabbit aortic rings, precontracted with noradrenaline (1 microM), was shown by phenyl-cyano isomers and by the 3,4-dicyanofuroxan, characterized by a potency ratio 3-10 fold higher than glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). This effect was reduced upon coincubation with methylene blue or oxyhaemoglobin (10 microM). 3. The furoxan derivatives showing maximal potency as vasodilators were also able to inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation, with IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range. 4. The furoxan derivatives were able to stimulate partially purified, rat lung soluble guanylate cyclase; among the most active compounds, the 3-R-substituted isomers displayed a higher level of stimulatory effect than the 4-R analogues. 5. Solutions (0.1 mM) of all the tested furoxans, prepared using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, (diluting 10 mM DMSO stock solutions) did not release nitric oxide (NO) spontaneously; however in presence of 5 mM L-cysteine, a significant NO-releasing capacity was observed, which correlated significantly with their stimulation of the guanylate cyclase activity.
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PMID:A new class of furoxan derivatives as NO donors: mechanism of action and biological activity. 777 42

S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are potent vasodilators. The smooth muscle relaxing activity of RSNOs has been suggested to be mediated by nitric oxide. In order to explore this premise, we examined the biological activity and chemical stability of several RSNOs. A series of eight RSNOs were synthesized and characterized. All of the RSNOs relaxed both vascular smooth muscle (rabbit aorta and mesenteric artery) and nonvascular smooth muscle (guinea pig trachea). The RSNOs also stimulated human platelet-soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibited collagen-induced human platelet aggregation. The biological activities of the synthetic RSNOs varied considerably as a function of structure in each assay. For example, the EC50s for relaxation of rabbit aorta ranged from 4.0 nM for S-nitroso-galctopyranose to 220 nM for S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. The biological activities also varied considerably between the assays; the rank order of potency for the eight compounds was different in each case. Thus changes in the structure of the R group can influence both the potency and the tissue selectivity of the RSNOs. Solution stabilities were determined for the RSNOs and found to vary considerably; first-order half-lives ranged from 0.023 hr for S-nitrosocysteine to 283 hr for S-nitrosothioglycerol. The solution stabilities of the RSNOs did not correlate with biological activities in any of the bioassays. These results indicate that decomposition of RSNOs in solution with production of nitric oxide cannot explain the biological activities of these compounds.
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PMID:Biological activity of S-nitrosothiols: the role of nitric oxide. 790 92


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