Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase)
8,497 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitroglycerin has maintained its position in the treatment of angina pectoris for more than a century. Efficacy of oral nitrates has been established and compares well with that of other anti-anginal drugs. New delivery systems are being developed for sustained systemic nitrate action. Beneficial action of nitrates in congestive heart failure and their crucial role in unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction has further widened their therapeutic use. A plausible hypothesis of the mechanism of nitrate-induced vasodilation has been presented, involving production of nitrosothiols and activation of guanylate cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle. Recent developments suggest that the rate degradation of nitrates and formation of nitrosothiols in the vascular smooth muscle are linked, offering an explanation to the relatively rapidly developing, but partial vascular tolerance during high-dose nitrate therapy.
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PMID:Efficacy of different forms of nitrates in angina pectoris. 392 83

The rate of loss of the sulfhydryl group, determined with the Ellman reagent, was used to derive second order rate constants for the reaction of a series of organic nitrates with a series of sulfhydryl compounds. For the organic nitrates, increases in the rate of reaction with cysteine, in general, ran parallel both with increases in pharmacological potency (flow in the Langendorff heart) and with increases in total clearance. Cysteine was the most active sulfhydryl compound examined, which is compatible with a possible role as an important nitrate receptor. Under some conditions the rate of loss of the sulfhydryl group was much greater than the rate of formation of nitrite ion. This indicates the presence of a reaction intermediate, probably a thionitrate. It is suggested that, in vivo, a thionitrate could function as an important intermediate in the activation of guanylate cyclase.
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PMID:The reaction between organic nitrates and sulfhydryl compounds. A possible model system for the activation of organic nitrates. 407 11

The localization of guanylate cyclase activity was cytochemically studied in heart tissue from guinea pig and pigeon. The method, based on a lead precipitation technique with GPPNHP as the substrate, was tested by quantitative biochemical analysis. The data obtained showed that in heart homogenates GPPNHP is an acceptable substrate for guanylate cyclase. The guanylate cyclase activity of glutaraldehyde prefixed heart tissue was also measured in the presence of 2 mM lead nitrate, in 30% of the untreated control hearts. The residual guanylate cyclase responded to the addition of sodium nitroprusside with a 7-fold increase in its activity. Furthermore, the guanylate cyclase requirement for Mn2+ ions was so changed by this activator that Mg2+ was as active as Mn2+. In heart muscle cells of guinea pigs and pigeons the plasma membrane of the sarcolemma and the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum are the precipitation sites of the reaction product. In guinea pig hearts the T-tubule membranes were likewise covered with precipitates. Sodium nitroprusside stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity was indicated by increased precipitation and by shortening of the incubation time.
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PMID:Cytochemical demonstration of guanylate cyclase activity in cardiac muscle. Preferential localization at sarcolemma and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. 613 98

Various NO-forming compounds have in common that along with their mechanically relaxing effect, they increase the concentration of cyclic 3'5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle. This has been shown for nitroglycerin, NaNO2, nitroprusside-Na, 2'3'-dinitroadenosine-5'-ethylcarboxamide (B-744-99), and more recently for SIN-1, the vasoactive metabolite of molsidomine, and for nicorandil (SG-75). In isolated circular strips of bovine coronary arteries, suspended in a partially depolarizing Tyrode's solution containing 27 mM K+, these drugs produced dose-dependent relaxations which were slightly preceded by concomitant increases in cGMP levels, measured at various moments of drug action by freeze-clamping the strips, and by subsequent determinations of cyclic nucleotide levels by RIA. Levels of cyclic 3',5'-AMP were not significantly changed, except by B-744-99. Inhibition of cGMP hydrolysis by the addition of M & B 22,948 (2-o-propoxyphenyl-8-azapurin-6-one) augmented the nitrate-induced rises in cGMP as well as their relaxing effects on coronary arterial strips. In the presence of the vital stain methylene blue - which was shown in vitro to prevent nitrate-induced activation of guanylate cyclase, the enzyme which forms cGMP from GTP - the relaxant actions as well as the increases in cGMP produced by several of these nitro-compounds in coronary strips were almost abolished. The actions of organic nitrates appear to depend on their previous reduction to NO by a rate-limiting step involving cysteine, whereas those of nitroprusside and SIN-1 are probably independent of cysteine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Mechanism of nitrate-induced vasodilation and tolerance. 614 77

Nicorandil (nicotinamidoethyl nitrate) is a novel vasodilator. Its vasodilator properties are related both to the nicotinamide and nitrate moieties. Classic nitrates such as nitroglycerin (NTG) and isosorbide dinitrate demonstrate in vitro inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Such effects have been shown to occur in a dose-related manner, are potentiated by reduced thiols and by increasing preincubation time, and are associated with increases in intracellular cyclic GMP. We explored the effect of nicorandil on ADP-induced human platelet aggregation and the role of reduced thiol N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in modulating this response. Nicorandil significantly inhibited aggregation to ADP dose dependently (IC50 3.0 mM). These effects were associated with inhibition of fibrinogen binding to the platelet surface (IC50 2 mM). Addition of nicorandil after maximal ADP-induced aggregation was achieved resulted in disaggregation. Addition of a source of reduced thiol (NAC) potentiated the antiaggregatory effects of nicorandil threefold (p < 0.05). Platelet inhibition by nicorandil was also augmented by increase in duration of preincubation, with maximal effects observed at 180 min. Preincubation of platelets with 10 mM nicorandil resulted in attenuated inhibition of platelet aggregation on gel filtration and subsequent exposure to additional nicorandil, indicative of tolerance induction. Methylene blue (MB), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, significantly reversed nicorandil-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation. Moreover, in accordance with this mechanism, nicorandil increased intracellular platelet cyclic GMP levels. Although the antiplatelet effect of nicotinamide was partially reversed by the K+ channel inhibitor iberotoxin, preincubation with iberotoxin had no impact on inhibition of platelet aggregation by nicorandil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antiplatelet effects of a novel antianginal agent, nicorandil. 751 31

1. Isolated segments of porcine vena cordis magna exhibited a reproducible contractile activity upon application of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) or KCl, that was independent of the presence of intact endothelium. Substance P (3 nM) elicited strictly endothelium-dependent relaxations amounting to 46.1 +/- 1.4% (n = 206) of contractions induced by 10 microM PGF2 alpha. 2. S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP), a compound that spontaneously liberates nitric oxide, concentration-dependently relaxed PGF2 alpha-precontracted (50 microM) venous segments. Tolerance induction (incubation with 100 microM SNAP for 30 min) within the same segments resulted in a 3 fold attenuation of this effect, which was not further reduced after additional preincubation with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Removal of endothelium or the presence of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) significantly improved the potency of SNAP before and after tolerance induction. 3. Concentration-dependent relaxations induced by GTN in non-tolerant veins were similar in the presence and absence of endothelium but much more reduced in tolerant endothelium-denuded (75 fold) compared to intact (20 fold) segments. In contrast, the presence of L-NAME significantly improved GTN-activity solely in non-tolerant veins, which, therefore, also resulted in a more pronounced attenuation of activity due to tolerance induction (100 fold). Preincubation of intact veins with SNAP also reduced GTN-activity but to a lesser extent (10 fold). 4. The more delayed but much longer, and compared to GTN somewhat weaker, acting new nitrovasodilator N-(3-nitrato-pivaloyl)-1-cysteineethylester (SPM 3672) was more potent in denuded than intact non-tolerant venous segments. Induction of tolerance by GTN resulted in a 2 fold-attenuation of potency. This effect was increased to 15 fold in denuded veins but solely due to enhanced potency of SPM 3672 caused by removal of endothelium.5. These data demonstrate that intact endothelium of porcine vena cordis magna attenuates the relaxant potency of nitrovasodilators but also probably participates in vascular bioactivation of GTN.We suggest that the reduced potency of nitrovasodilators is due to endogenous production of nitricoxide, which may affect the soluble guanylate cyclase/cyclic GMP-system or inhibit nitrate bioactivation pathways.
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PMID:Nitrovasodilator-induced relaxation and tolerance development in porcine vena cordis magna: dependence on intact endothelium. 752 Dec 58

Although nitric oxide (NO) appears to be one of the oxidation products of L-arginine catalyzed by NO synthase (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39), past studies on the measurement of NO in cell-free enzymatic assays have not been based on the direct detection of the free NO molecule. Instead, assays have relied on indirect measurements of the stable NO oxidation products nitrite and nitrate and on indirect actions of NO such as guanylate cyclase activation and oxyhemoglobin oxidation. Utilizing a specific chemiluminescence assay, we report here that the gaseous product of L-arginine oxidation, catalyzed by both inducible macrophage and constitutive neuronal NOS, is indistinguishable from authentic NO on the basis of their physicochemical properties. NO gas formation by NOS was dependent on L-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen and inhibited by NG-methyl-L-arginine and cyanide anion. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) caused a marked, concentration-dependent increase in the production of free NO by mechanisms that were unrelated to the dismutation of superoxide anion or activation of NOS. These observations indicate that free NO is formed as a result of NOS-catalyzed L-arginine oxidation and that SOD enhances the generation of NO without directly affecting NO itself. SOD appears to elicit a novel biological action, perhaps accelerating the conversion of an intermediate in the L-arginine-NO pathway such as nitroxyl (HNO) to NO.
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PMID:Formation of free nitric oxide from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthase: direct enhancement of generation by superoxide dismutase. 752 87

The combination of hydralazine and nitrates has been shown to provide long-term benefit in congestive heart failure, despite a nitrate dosage that should induce tolerance. To assess the interactions between hydralazine and nitroglycerin, aortic rings were isolated from male Wistar rats. In rings precontracted with phenylephrine, hydralazine incubation (10 microM and 0.1 mM) potentiated the responses to nitroglycerin (p < 0.05) but not to sin-1 (a direct activator of guanylate cyclase), 8-bromocyclic guanylate monophosphate, and forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator). In similar conditions, the incubation of isoniazid (0.1 mM, used as a pyridoxal-sequestering agent without direct vasoactive properties) also potentiated the dose-response curve to nitroglycerin (p < 0.05). In aortas isolated from rats rendered nitrate tolerant in vivo (50 mg/kg subcutaneously twice daily during 4 days), hydralazine partially attenuated tolerance (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the observed interaction between hydralazine and nitroglycerin may involve an inhibition of pyridoxal-dependent reactions, such as the catabolism of methionine and cysteine. This may enhance the availability of sulfhydryl-containing compounds, and therefore potentiate the responses to nitroglycerin.
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PMID:Interaction between hydralazine and nitrovasodilators in vascular smooth muscle. 768 11

Development of tolerance as a consequence of organic nitrate therapy such as that which occurs with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) appears to be associated with a depletion of free thiols in vascular smooth muscle. In this study, we investigated N-[3-nitratopivaloyl]-L-cysteineethylester (SPM 3672), a new compound containing a nitrate and a thiol moiety, in direct comparison with GTN. Liberation of nitric oxide (NO) from GTN and SPM 3672 measured in vitro was rather low and was markedly potentiated by addition of cysteine only in the case of GTN. Pronounced activation of a partially purified human soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) by GTN was observed only after addition of cysteine, whereas a comparative activation by SPM 3672 occurred with and without addition of this thiol. In contrast, SPM 4946 (N(-)[3-hydroxypivaloyl]-L-cysteineethylester), a derivative of SPM 3672 lacking the nitrate-ester moiety, did not activate sGC. Activation of sGC by GTN and SPM 3672 was nearly abolished by oxyhemoglobin. Incubation of isolated porcine coronary artery rings with GTN or SPM 3672 resulted in a similar increase in vascular cyclic GMP levels. In rat aorta, GTN was a more potent vasorelaxant than SPM 3672 and produced a greater degree of tolerance. Vasorelaxation induced by GTN occurred with rapid onset and was brief, whereas SPM 3672 produced long-lasting relaxation with a more delayed onset. This kinetic pattern was confirmed in porcine coronary arteries, in which both nitrates exhibited marked relaxation, with GTN being slightly more potent than SPM 3672.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nitric oxide liberating, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulating and vasorelaxing properties of the new nitrate-compound SPM 3672. 769 81

We investigated the effects of lithium ion (Li+) on muscarinic receptor-mediated nitric oxide (NO) generation, and guanylate cyclase (GCase) activation using the mouse neuroblastoma clone, N1E-115. The levels of released NO were determined by measuring the levels of nitrite/nitrate in the incubation medium, and the activity of GCase was measured with an assay for cellular cyclic [3H] GMP levels. We determined that Li+ had no effects on muscarinic receptor-activated elevation of nitrite/nitrate levels, which were significantly inhibited by 100 microM L-NG-monomethylarginine, although it has been reported that Li+ inhibits muscarinic receptor-activated cyclic GMP formation in the cells. In addition, Li+ inhibited the cyclic GMP formation induced by an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), in both intact cells and a crude cellular homogenate; thus, the inhibition by Li+ of muscarinic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP synthesis appeared to be at the level of GCase, but not NO synthase.
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PMID:Inhibition by lithium of cyclic GMP formation without inhibition of nitric oxide generation in the mouse neuroblastoma cell (N1E-115). 784 Aug 63


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