Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase)
 19,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Parathyroid hormone and other bone resorptive agents function, at least in part, by inducing osteoblasts to secrete cytokines that stimulate both differentiation and resorptive activity of osteoclasts. We previously identified two potentially important cytokines by demonstrating that parathyroid hormone induces expression by osteoblasts of IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor without affecting levels of 14 other cytokines. Although parathyroid hormone activates multiple signal transduction pathways, induction of IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor is dependent on activation of adenyl cyclase. This study demonstrates that adenyl cyclase is also required for stimulation of osteoclast activity in cultures containing osteoclasts from rat long bones and UMR106-01 rat osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. Since the stimulation by parathyroid hormone of both cytokine production and bone resorption depends on the same signal transduction pathway, we hypothesized that IL-6 might be a downstream effector of parathyroid hormone. We found that addition of exogenous IL-6 mimics the ability of parathyroid hormone to stimulate bone resorption. More importantly, an antibody directed against the IL-6 receptor blocks moderate stimulation of osteoclast activity induced by the hormone. Interestingly, strong stimulation of resorption overcomes this dependence on IL-6. Thus, parathyroid hormone likely induces multiple, redundant cytokines that can overcome the IL-6 requirement associated with moderate stimulation. Taken together with studies showing that many other bone resorptive agents also stimulate IL-6 production, our results suggest that IL-6 may be a downstream effector of these agents as well as of parathyroid hormone.
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PMID:Adenyl cyclase and interleukin 6 are downstream effectors of parathyroid hormone resulting in stimulation of bone resorption. 765 97

In the present paper we investigated the effects of stem cell factor/mastocyte growth factor (SCF/MGF), leukemia inhibitory factor/differentiating inhibitory activity (LIF/DIA) (two growth factors known to affect primordial germ cell growth in vitro) and forskolin (FRSK) (an activator of adenylate cyclase in many cell types) alone or in combination on the survival and proliferation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) obtained from 8.5, 10.5, and 11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos and cultured without pre-formed cell feeder layers. The results showed that both at 1 and 3 days of culture the addition of 100 ng/ml SCF, 20 microM FRSK, or in some instances 20 ng/ml LIF alone caused a significant increase of PGC number as compared with controls. The highest effects were obtained when SCF and/or LIF were used together with FRSK. Moreover, we found that FRSK elevated cAMP levels in purified 11.5 dpc PGCs and that this compound, but not SCF and LIF, stimulated PGC proliferation, as assessed by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridin (BrdU) incorporation. These results suggest a mechanism of combined action of cAMP with SCF and/or LIF in the control of proliferation of mouse PGCs in vitro.
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PMID:Combined action of stem cell factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, and cAMP on in vitro proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells. 768 77

During migration and for about 2 days after their arrival in the gonadal ridges, primordial germ cells (the embryonic precursors of gametes of the adult animal) proliferate actively. Certain growth factors, such as stem cell factor and leukemia inhibitory factor, seem to be essential for survival, proliferation and possibly differentiation of mouse primordial germ cell in vivo and/or in vitro. Similarly, increase in intracellular cAMP is followed by a marked enhancement of primordial germ cell proliferation, at least in culture. In the present study, we show that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAP-27 and PACAP-38), two neuropeptides of the secretin-glucagon-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-GH-releasing hormone family, stimulate in vitro proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells, bind to primordial germ cells and gonadal somatic cells (possibly to type I PACAP receptor) and activate adenylate cyclase in the same cells. Moreover, PACAP-like immunoreactivity was found in gonadal ridges, mostly on germ cell surface. In conclusion, evidence is provided that PGC proliferation can be stimulated by certain bioactive polypeptides, thus suggesting a novel regulatory role for such compounds in early gonad development.
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PMID:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates adenylate cyclase and promotes proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells. 856 32

We have previously reported that parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH related protein (PTHrP) stimulate expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in osteoblasts in vitro. In the current study, we have developed a model of hormone injection into the subcutaneous space overlying mouse parietal bones to demonstrate that similar processes occur in osteoblasts in vivo. Specifically, PTH and PTHrP rapidly and transiently induce expression of the mRNAs encoding IL-6 and LIF. The effects are dose-dependent, with a maximal stimulation of approximately 50-fold for each cytokine. Although PTH and PTHrP activate both adenyl cyclase and phospholipase C-dependent signal transduction pathways, stimulation of IL-6 and LIF depends on adenyl cyclase since it is not reproduced by PTH(3-34), a partial agonist that only activates phospholipase C. These results confirm our previous in vitro studies and support the hypothesis that IL-6 and/or LIF are physiologically important mediators of at least some of the actions of PTH and PTHrP.
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PMID:In vivo demonstration that parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein stimulate expression by osteoblasts of interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor. 872 72

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of eggs and sperm. Although PGCs are unipotent cells in vivo, they are reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), also known as embryonic germ cells (EGCs), in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in vitro. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for their reprogramming are not fully understood. Here we show identification of transcription factors that mediate PGC reprogramming. We selected genes encoding transcription factors or epigenetic regulatory factors whose expression was significantly different between PGCs and PSCs with in silico analysis and RT-qPCR. Among the candidate genes, over-expression (OE) of Bcl3 or Klf9 significantly enhanced PGC reprogramming. Notably, EGC formation was stimulated by Klf9-OE even without bFGF. G-protein-coupled receptor signaling-related pathways, which are involved in PGC reprogramming, were enriched among genes down-regulated by Klf9-OE, and forskolin which activate adenylate cyclase, rescued repressed EGC formation by knock-down of Klf9, suggesting a molecular linkage between KLF9 and such signaling.
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PMID:Identification of KLF9 and BCL3 as transcription factors that enhance reprogramming of primordial germ cells. 3028 77