Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase)
19,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One of the cyr 1 mutants (cyr 1-2) in yeast produced low levels of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP at 25 degrees and was unable to derepress acid phosphatase. Addition of cyclic AMP to the cyr1-2 cultures elevated the level of repressible acid phosphatase activity. The bcy1 mutation, which suppresses the cyr1-2 mutation by allowing activity of a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase, also allows acid phosphatase synthesis without restoring adenylate cyclase activity. The CYR3 mutant had structurally altered cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and was unable to derepress acid phosphatase. The cyr1 locus was different from pho2, pho4 and pho81, which were known to regulate acid phosphatase synthesis. Mutants carrying cyr1-2 and pho80, PHO81c, PHO82 or pho85 mutations, which confer constitutive synthesis of repressible acid phosphatase, produced acid phosphatase. The cyr1-2 mutant produced significantly low levels of invertase and alpha-D-glucosidase. These results indicated that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase exerts its function in the synthesis of repressible acid phosphatase and other enzymes.
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PMID:Regulation of repressible acid phosphatase by cyclic AMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 609 Feb 71

Electron cytochemical localizations of acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase, deoxyribonuclease, adenylate cyclase, and c-AMP phosphodiesterase activity sites in thin sections of cells of the two growth phases of the zoopathogenic Histoplasma capsulatum are described and illustrated by transmission electron micrographs. Various activity sites of these enzymes included the cytomembranes of the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. At the same time, electron opaque reaction products were sequestered within membrane-bound, vacuolar regions of the cytosol. These vacuoles may be ontogenically related to membranous or vesicular inclusions commonly seen in thin sections of glutaraldehyde osmium tetroxide-fixed cells. These enzymatically-active vacuoles are believed consistent with previous descriptions of fungal lysosomal-like structures found in certain other fungi. Lysosomal-like vacuoles of H. capsulatum may provide a means of compartmentalization of various hydrolytic enzymes involved in catabolism and mobilization of storage reserves, and perhaps to function as well in other aspects of the life cycle of this important pathogenic dimorphic fungus.
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PMID:Electron cytochemical evidence for lysosomal-like equivalents in Histoplasma capsulatum. 626 Nov 31

A procedure is described for the preparation of a membrane fraction enriched in basal-lateral plasma membranes from gastric mucosa. Gastric glands isolated from rabbit were employed as starting material, greatly reducing contamination from non-glandular cell types. The distribution of cellular components during the fractionation procedure was monitored with specific marker enzymes. (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, ouabain-sensitive K+-stimulated p-nitrophenyl-phosphatase and histamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase were used as markers for basal-lateral membranes. These three markers were similarly distributed during both differential and equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. The enriched membrane fraction contained more than 30% of the total initial activities of the three basal-lateral membrane markers which were purified better than 11-fold with respect to protein. (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was resolved from the activities of acid phosphatase, pepsin, Mg2+-ATPase, cytochrome c oxidase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, glucose-6-phosphatase, (K+ + H+)-ATPase, DNA and RNA.
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PMID:An enriched preparation of basal-lateral plasma membranes from gastric glandular cells. 626 84

The subcellular distribution of adenylate cyclase, cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase, protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatase in bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei was determined by isopycnic sucrose-gradient centrifugation of post-large-granule extracts. Cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase was almost entirely soluble whereas adenylate cyclase was membrane-bound. The latter enzyme appeared to be absent from the plasma-membrane fraction but copurified with acid phosphatase and acid phosphodiesterase indicating a possible association with the flagellar pocket. At least two protein kinase activities could be distinguished as based on their distribution profiles in gradients, their preference for exogenously added acceptor protein and their inhibition and stimulation by suramin and nucleoside, respectively. Suramin-sensitive protein kinase co-purified with the plasma-membrane marker alpha-D-glucosidase and a nucleoside-stimulated protein kinase behaved as a typical cell-sap enzyme. Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity was found to be mainly soluble but a small part seemed to be associated with plasma membranes.
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PMID:Subcellular distribution of adenylate cyclase, cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase, protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatase in Trypanosoma brucei. 629 15

Bone cells released from perinatal rat calvaria by digestion with clostridial peptidase were separated into two distinct populations (designated types B and C) by equilibrium density centrifugation on a two-step gradient of Percoll. They were extensively characterized by light and electron microscopy and for behaviour in culture, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen synthesis, collagenase secretion and adenylate cyclase response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. Type C cells were predominantly large with up to seven nuclei and an unusual cytoplasmic appearance in cytocentrifuge preparations. They did not proliferate in culture and we have established culture conditions which prevented their overgrowth by contaminating proliferative cells. In culture these cells had low alkaline and high acid phosphatase and high aryl sulphatase activity, and synthesized little collagen. In contrast type B cells were mostly smaller and many had irregular cytoplasmic projections. In culture they became polygonal in shape, proliferated rapidly, and reached confluence in 4-5 days. These were low in aryl sulphatase and acid phosphatase, high in alkaline phosphatase activity, and synthesized labelled collagen actively with [3H]proline and ascorbic acid included in the culture medium. The two cell population were found to differ in culture in two important further respects. First, the type C cells showed an adenylate cyclase response to calcitonin but not to PTH, while the converse was true for type B cells; this was so over at least a 20-fold range of isobutylmethyl xanthine concentration. Secondly, type C cells in culture secreted an active collagenolytic enzyme. Type B cells secreted much lower levels of a predominantly latent collagenase which required activation by mersalyl. Co-culture of type C and type B cells led to a marked reduction in the content of active collagenase in the culture medium.
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PMID:Separation of two bone cell populations from fetal rat calvaria and a study of their responses to parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. 631 50

The aim of this study was to identify the LH-gonadotroph, aided by histochemical demonstrations of adenylate cyclase and acid phosphatase activities in 60-day-old male rats, after a single 100 micrograms injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The results obtained are as follows: 1) Separation of the lysosomes from the large secretion granules in the LH-gonadotroph was accomplished in order to demonstrate acid phosphatase, the marker enzyme of lysosomes. 2) The large granules in the LH-gonadotroph decreased remarkably in number within 5 min after LH-RH injection. 3) A marked and prolonged increase in adenylate cyclase activity was observed on the plasma membrane of the LH-gonadotroph after LH-RH injection; this increase continued up to 30 min. 4) At 60 min after LH-RH injection the small secretion granules began to decrease in number. 5) Losing the large granules due to the LH-RH treatment, the LH-gonadotroph resembled the FSH-gonadotroph. From these observations it appears that the FSH-gonadotroph is an immature or storage state LH-gonadotroph and that it changes from an LH-gonadotroph into an FSH-gonadotroph on the loss of its large secretion granules.
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PMID:Histochemical study of the rat anterior pituitary LH-gonadotroph after administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). 676 79

Although there is some evidence that extrachoroidal sites for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important, the choroid plexuses in the ventricles contribute the major part of CSF formation. The exact mechanism for CSF production is not fully understood. In order to study this mechanism from the enzyme histochemical standpoint, the previously reported studies are reviewed, in addition to the authors' own electron microscopic enzyme histochemical observations on this tissue. The ultrastructure and enzyme biochemistry of choroid plexus epithelial cells are considered, together with the histochemistry of the following enzymes: alkaline and acid phosphatase, Mg2+-ATPase, Na+, K+-ATPase, glucose-6-phosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, adenylate cyclase, carbonic anhydrase, oxidoreductase, esterase, several hydrolases, and other enzymes. Finally, CSF formation and active transport in the choroid plexus epithelial cells are discussed, mainly in terms of the results of our enzyme cytochemical observations on Na+, K+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase in this tissue.
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PMID:The enzyme histochemistry of the choroid plexus. 683 Nov 99

Several clonal cell lines from a transplantable rat osteosarcoma, selected on the basis of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-sensitive adenylate cyclase, were established in culture. Bovine PTH-(1-84) (0.1 microM) stimulation of adenylate cyclase varied among clones from 8-fold to none. The level of PTH response was a stable property of each clonal line that was retained through numerous passages in vitro (nearly 3 yr in the oldest clone). Highly PTH-responsive lines had a cuboidal-eliptoid morphology and differed from the nonresponsive lines, which had a more fibroblastic appearance. PTH responsiveness correlated with several properties, presumably associated with the osteoblastic phenotype: elevated alkaline phosphatase activity, synthesis of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing bone protein, and production of mineralized tumors in host rats. PTH (1.0 nM; 24 h) reduced the alkaline phosphatase activity by 40% when tested in a responsive clone. The acid phosphatase activity of the various cell lines was uniformly low. These osteosarcoma-derived cell lines which are stable in vitro thus seem to reflect the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in the tumor in situ. They could be useful in studies of phenotypic expression, PTH action, and a possible relationship between the two.
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PMID:Parathyroid hormone-responsive clonal cell lines from rat osteosarcoma. 696 73

A quantitative cytochemical study of isolated hepatocytes from young, middle-aged and old adult rats has shown a doubling of acid naphthol AS-BI phosphatase activity as the hepatocytes shift from the diploid to the tetraploid state, and an overall increase in activity in cells from old animals. There was a complete inhibition of all acid phosphatase activity with 10(-2)M sodium molybdate, but only a 90% inhibition in hepatocytes from livers of rats of 12-25 months-old animals with 10(-2)M sodium fluoride, the resistant activity possibly representing adenyl cyclase activity. In contrast, 10(-2)M ouabain inhibited 70-80% of the activity in hepatocytes from 12-15-months-old animals, this level of inhibition decreasing with increasing age, and implying a decrease in transport ATPase activity and an increased lysosomal phosphatase activity with increasing age of the rats.
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PMID:A quantitative cytochemical study of acid phosphatases in hepatocytes of different ploidy classes from aging rats. 716 Apr 44

We obtained a primary culture of prostatic cells by an explant method from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Ultrastructural morphology and growth characteristics of these cells conformed to those reported for smooth muscle cells isolated from vascular and visceral tissue sources. The cells retained their original character including the presence of androgen receptor, acid phosphatase and normal chromosomal number. [3H]-methyl-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) saturation experiments showed the existence of a homogeneous population of binding sites with a high affinity and low capacity (KD = 0.17 +/- 0.05 nM., Bmax = 15,000 sites per cell). Inhibition of [3H]-methyl-QNB binding by nonlabelled compounds showed these [3H]-methyl-QNB binding sites to be M2 muscarinic cholinoceptors. cAMP formation induced by forskolin and isoproterenol was inhibited by carbamoyl choline and oxotremorine. These results suggest that prostatic smooth muscle cells contain M2 muscarinic cholinoceptors and that these cholinoceptors couple adenylate cyclase inhibition.
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PMID:Characterization of muscarinic cholinoceptor in primary culture of smooth muscle cells from human prostate. 796 10


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