Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase)
 19,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenylate cyclase (AC), 5'-nucleotidase (NT), Na+, K(+)-ATPase, as well as the contents of phospholipids (PL) and gangliosides (G) per mg of protein in homogenate, crude membrane (P2) fraction, and synaptosomes from the sensorimotor cortex of the right and left hemispheres of rat brain were analyzed under normal and hypoxic conditions. The authors found that under normal physiological conditions there are no significant differences of the studied parameters in homogenates of sensorimotor cortex from the right and left hemispheres. In P2 fractions, and especially in preparations of synaptosomes from the right and left cortex, differences in the activity of 5'-NT and AC were found. Hypoxia (pO2 = 7.8%) was shown to alter studied parameters (AChE, AC, Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity, and PL content) mainly in the right hemisphere.
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PMID:Hypoxic hypoxia induces different biochemical changes in the cortex of the right and left hemispheres of rat brain. 853 26

The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 5'-nucleotidase (NT), adenylate cyclase (AC) in P2 fraction of sensory-motor cortex was studied in right-handed, left-handed and ambidexters rats on the 2-nd and 45-th day after revealing preferable forepaw at taking feedstuff out of horizontal tube (1 case, 10 presentations). By bilateral (averaging right and left hemispheres) values of AChE, NT and AC ambidexters differ from animals with absolute motor preference and right-handed rats differ from left-handed ones (2-nd day). In 1.5 month differences between ambidexter and animals with preferable extremity are revealed by NT and AC activity. Chemical brain asymmetry is revealed for ambidexters (AChE, 45-th day), right-handed rats (NT, 45-th day) and left-handed animals (AC, 2-nd day). Functional importance of biochemical characteristics studied is discussed.
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PMID:[The biochemical characteristics of the sensorimotor cortex in right-handed, left-handed and ambidextrous rats]. 876 33

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive nerves in the dog prostate was compared to the total innervation (as estimated by protein gene product 9.5 immunoreactivity), and to that of adrenergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive), cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase-positive), and some peptidergic nerves immunoreactive towards vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, and helospectin. Clusters of ganglia with cell bodies containing acetylcholinesterase, or one of these six immunoreactive components, were found in the dorsal capsule. Coarse nerve trunks expressing these immunoreactive components extended from the ganglia, and divided into varicose terminals in the capsule and intraglandular smooth muscle strands, and gave off further branches, which surrounded acini and accompanied ducts. The labelling for nitric oxide synthase generally coincided with that for vasoactive intestinal peptide within cell bodies and nerves of various types. Cell bodies, nerve trunks and varicose terminals showing labelling for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide and helospectin were generally also labelled for vasoactive intestinal peptide. The innervation pattern suggests that nitric oxide may act in concert with vasoactive intestinal peptide and related peptides in the control of prostatic smooth muscle activity and secretion.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase-containing nerves and ganglia in the dog prostate: a comparison with other transmitters. 891 34

One of the characteristic changes that occurs in Alzheimer's disease is the loss of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from both cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the brain. However, AChE activity is increased around amyloid plaques. This increase in AChE may be of significance for therapeutic strategies using AChE inhibitors. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of amyloid beta-protein (A beta), the major component of amyloid plaques, on AChE expression. A beta peptides spanning residues 1-40 or 25-35 increased AChE activity in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. A peptide containing a scrambled A beta(25-35) sequence did not stimulate AChE expression. To examine the possibility that the increase in AChE expression was mediated by an influx of calcium through voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), drugs acting on VDCCs were tested for their effects. Inhibitors of L-type VDCCs (diltiazem, nifedipine, and verapamil), but not N- or P- or Q-type VDCCs, resulted in a decrease in AChE expression. Agonists of L-type VDCCs (maitotoxin and S(-)-Bay K 8644) increased AChE expression. As L-type VDCCs are known to be modulated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, the effect of the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin was also examined. Forskolin stimulated AChE expression, an action that was blocked by the L-type VDCC antagonist nifedipine. The A beta(25-35)induced increase in AChE expression was mediated by an L-type VDCC, as the effect was also blocked by nifedipine. The results suggest that the increase in AChE expression around amyloid plaques could be due to a disturbance in calcium homeostasis involving the opening of L-type VDCCs.
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PMID:The amyloid beta-protein of Alzheimer's disease increases acetylcholinesterase expression by increasing intracellular calcium in embryonal carcinoma P19 cells. 928 41

Cholinergic neurotransmission in the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) modulates rapid eye movement (REM) sleep generation. Microinjection of cholinergic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors into the mPRF induces a REM sleep-like state, and microdialysis data reveal increased mPRF levels of acetylcholine during REM sleep. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs) participate in REM sleep generation, and data suggest that mAChRs of a non-M1 subtype modulate REM sleep generation. The signal transduction pathway activated by m2 and m4 mAChRs involves a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, adenylate cyclase (AC), adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and protein kinase A (PKA). Therefore, the present study tested the hypothesis that cAMP and PKA within the mPRF modulate the carbachol-induced REM sleep-like state. To test this hypothesis, the mPRF was microinjected with compounds known to facilitate the effects of cAMP (dibutyryl cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP), stimulate PKA (Sp-cAMP[S]), and inhibit PKA (Rp-cAMP[S]). The results showed that compounds that fostered the intracellular effects of cAMP significantly decreased cholinergic REM sleep, while having no effect on spontaneously occurring REM sleep. These data are consistent with the recent finding that within the mPRF, AC and a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein modulate cholinergic REM sleep generation. These new data suggest a modulatory role for pontine cAMP and PKA in cholinergic REM sleep regulation.
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PMID:cAMP and protein kinase A modulate cholinergic rapid eye movement sleep generation. 936 9

Stimulation of extrinsic nerves markedly alters pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion, yet little is known of the neurochemical organization and physiologic roles of specific neural pathways within the pancreas. Here we report histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and several neuropeptides to identify the neurotransmitter content of rabbit pancreatic nerves. An extensive network of AChE-positive nerve fibers was found throughout the islets, acini, ducts, ganglia, and blood vessels. All pancreatic neurons were AChE positive, two thirds were NADPH-d positive, and many were NOS positive. Ganglia in the head/neck region were connected to the duodenal myenteric plexus by AChE- and NADPH-d-positive fibers, and NADPH-d-positive pancreatic neurons appeared to send processes toward both the duodenum and pancreas. Many pancreatic neurons were vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) positive, and VIP nerve terminals were abundant in ganglia, acini, islets, and ducts. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP-38)-positive fibers also were observed within acini and passing through ganglia. Substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-positive fibers were abundant along blood vessels and ducts, and varicose fibers were observed in pancreatic ganglia. Fine galanin-positive fibers were also occasionally observed running with blood vessels and through ganglia. Thus the rabbit pancreas receives a dense, diverse innervation by cholinergic, adrenergic, and peptidergic nerves and cholinergic pancreatic neurons, most also containing VIP or NOS or both, appear to innervate both endocrine and exocrine tissue, and may mediate local communication between the duodenum and pancreas.
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PMID:Morphology and histochemistry of the rabbit pancreatic innervation. 988 61

We previously isolated a nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neurite outgrowth promoting substance MC14 (sargaquinoic acid) from a marine brown alga, Sargassum macrocarpum. In the present study, the NGF-potentiating activity of MC14 to neural differentiation of PC12D cells was investigated in detail. The treatment of cells with 3 microg/ml MC14 in the presence of 1.25-100 ng/ml NGF markedly enhanced the proportion of neurite-bearing cells compared with the NGF-only controls. In addition, MC14 significantly elevated the NGF-induced specific acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in PC12D cells, suggesting that MC14 could morphologically and biochemically promote the differentiation of PC12D cells. The mechanism of action of MC14 was further investigated by pharmacological inhibition of several intracellular signaling molecules. Results indicated that the neurite outgrowth promoting activity of MC14 was almost completely blocked by 10 microM PD98059, suggesting that a TrkA-dependent MAP kinases-mediated signaling pathway may play a crucial role in modulating the effect of MC14. Besides, the MC14-enhanced neurite outgrowth was substantially suppressed by the pretreatment with 10 ng/ml protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, demonstrating that the adenylate cyclase-PKA signaling cascade was also involved in the action of MC14. In contrast, a PKC inhibitor chelerythrine chloride did not inhibit the neurite outgrowth promoting activity of MC14. Altogether, these results demonstrate that MC14 enhances the neurite outgrowth by cooperating at least two separated signaling pathways, a TrkA-MAP kinases pathway and an adenylate cyclase-PKA pathway, in PC12D cells.
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PMID:Sargaquinoic acid promotes neurite outgrowth via protein kinase A and MAP kinases-mediated signaling pathways in PC12D cells. 1285 58

Elongation of pollen tubes in pistils of Lilium longiflorum cv. Hinomoto after self-incompatible pollination was here found to be promoted by acetylcholine (ACh) and other choline derivatives, such as acetylthiocholine, l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine and chlorocholinechloride [CCC; (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride]. Moreover, the elongation was promoted by neostigmine, a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; acetylcholine-decomposing enzyme) (EC 3.1.1.7.) and activities of this and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetylcholine-forming enzyme) (EC 2.3.1.6.) in pistils were associated with self-incompatibility. The activity of ChAT was lower after self-incompatible as compared with cross-compatible pollination. Application of cAMP promoted ChAT activities in both cases, whereas activity of AChE in pistils after self-pollination was higher than that after cross-compatible pollination and was suppressed by cAMP in both cases. Furthermore, AChE activity was inhibited by treatment with neostigmine or heating. Our results indicate that the self-incompatibility with self-pollination is due to decrease of ACh and cAMP, causing reduction of ChAT and AC (adenylate cyclase) and concise elevation of AChE and PDE (cAMP phosphodiesterase), and therefore suppressed growth of pollen tubes.
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PMID:Regulation of self-incompatibility by acetylcholine and cAMP in Lilium longiflorum. 1688 55

One characteristic of organophosphate poisoning is the ability to increase excitability or induce epileptiform activity in nerve cells, but underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We have previously reported that paraoxon, an organophosphate compound, at submicromolar concentrations effectively suppress Ca(2+) spikes and modulate the activity of snail neurons. This effect was unrelated to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition but was found to involve the direct or indirect modulation of ion channels [Vatanparast J, Janahmadi M, Asgari AR, Sepehri H, Haeri-Rohani A. Paraoxon suppresses Ca(2+) spike and afterhyperpolarization in snail neurons: relevance to the hyperexcitability induction. Brain Res 2006a;1083(1):110-7]. In the present study, the interaction of paraoxon with cAMP formation on the modulation of Ca(2+) spikes and neuronal excitability was examined. Forskolin, the activators of adenylate cyclase, suppressed afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and increased the activity of snail neurons without any significant effect on the Ca(2+) spike duration. Pretreatment with forskolin, although attenuated the suppressing effect of paraoxon on the duration of Ca(2+) spikes but also potentiated the paraoxon-induced hyperexcitability by enhancing the suppressive effects of paraoxon on AHP. Our findings support the possible involvement of cAMP formation in the paraoxon-induced AHP suppression and neuronal hyperexcitability, although activation of cAMP pathway may attenuates some effects of paraoxon.
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PMID:Forskolin potentiates the paraoxon-induced hyperexcitability in snail neurons by blocking afterhyperpolarization. 1772 Feb 47

Anatomical and physiological studies of cardiovascular control are lacking in the ray-finned fish, the bichirs. The present immunohistochemical studies on the bichir (Polypterus bichir bichir) demonstrated the occurrence of intracardiac neurons and nerve fibers in the heart. Immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and various neuropeptides (substance P, galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)), including neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), was found in the nerve cell bodies lying close to the Sinus venosus and the sino-atrial region. The main intracardiac localization of the nervous tissue is a network of nerve fibers, presumably corresponding to the postganglionic outflow giving rise to nerve terminals and the nerve cell bodies. In addition, the heart is innervated by extrinsic monoamine-containing nerve fibers supplying the Conus arteriosus and Sinus venosus, and substance P and galanin immunopositive fibers probably originating from cranial and spinal ganglia. The adrenergic innervation of the heart of the bichir is similar to that of the teleosts, but further studies are required on nervous control of the heart.
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PMID:Distribution and neurotransmitter localization in the heart of the ray-finned fish, bichir (Polypterus bichir bichir Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1802). 1880 72


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