Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:4.2.3.23 (GAS)
 957 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The 36 basic "sentences" in the experiment were six-syllable nonsense sequences of the form DAS a LAS a GAS a or a DAS a BAS a LAS. Either (a) one vowel in the sentence was lengthened or shortened by about 50, 90, or 130 ms by computer-editing routines, or (b) the sentence was left intact (as spoken). The resulting perceptual impression after the vowel change was a change of tempo within the sentence. Vowel changes occurred systematically throughout the sentences, in one of syllables one through five. Reaction time (RT) was recorded to assigned target segments /b, d, or g/ in one of syllables one through six, and RT was compared to targets in tempo-changed versus intact sentences (these were acoustically identical except for the distorted vowel). The listeners responded to over 2000 versions of the sentences. The results were: (a) Tempo changes generally increased segment target RT. (b) Tempo-change effects were ubiquitous; for instance, vowel changes in the first syllable increased RT to targets in later syllables, and the reach of effects spanned four syllables. Both vowel shortening and lengthening increased target RT. (c) Effects attributed to precessing time decreased, whereas effects attributed to stimulus expectancy increased, with time into the sentence. (d) Tempo-change effects persisted throughout the experiment despite practice and familiarity with stimuli. The conclusions were: (a) The effects of time distortion of the stimulus on target RT were produced mainly by changes in stimulus-induced expectancy, not changes in processing time. (b) The expected input to perception is the acoustically intact utterance in both its rhythmic and segmental aspects; these aspects are not perceived independently.
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PMID:Rhythmic and segmental perception are not independent. 45 50

A controlled clinical study on the outcome of family intervention in chronic schizophrenics is being carried out in Athens. All subjects participating in the study reside with their families and attend a vocational rehabilitation unit. Those belonging to families characterized by high "Expressed Emotion" (EE) are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control condition. The former receive family intervention combined with individual treatment, the latter individual treatment alone. 75 subjects have entered the study, and 121 relatives were interviewed with the Camberwell Family Interview. 40 patients (53.3%) were found to belong to high EE families. The present article presents the results of the baseline assessment. It was found that the EE status of the family was significantly associated with measures of psychopathology and social functioning (BPRS, GAS, DAS, number of residual symptoms). Further analyses revealed that these associations exist only when all key relatives express high EE. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Expressed Emotion in families of chronic schizophrenics and its association with clinical measures. 155 81

The long-term outcome of 355 patients with affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders was evaluated after long duration of the illness (mean more than 25 years). All patients were personally interviewed using operational instruments (PSE, WHO/DAS, WHO/PIRS, GAS, Huber's Psychopathological Criteria). By application of descriptive methods, integrating operationally estimated findings with clinically-impressively estimated "interactional atmosphere", we defined eight types of phenomenological constellations of persistent alterations ("residual-types") of functional disorders: "depletion syndrome", "apathetic-paranoid syndrome (resp. apathetic-hallucinatory syndrome)", "adynamic-deficient syndrome", "chronic psychosis", "structural deformation", "asthenic insufficiency syndrome", "chronic subdepressive syndrome", and "chronic hyperthymic syndrome". It was found a different distribution of persistent alterations in affective and schizophrenic disorders while schizoaffective disorders occupied a position in-between. The differences in the phenomenology of persistent alterations are interpreted as the result of differing biological and psychological processes. It was also found that the phenomenology of persistent alterations is related to the degree of disability.
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PMID:[Phenomenologic constellations of persistent alterations in idiopathic psychoses. An empirical comparative study]. 177 Sep 67

One hundred and six affective (76 unipolar and 30 bipolar) and 101 schizoaffective patients (45 unipolar and 56 bipolar) were investigated after a long-term course of illness, evaluating sociodemographic and general data, the long-term course of illness, disability and psychosocial alterations according to WHO/DAS, WHO/PIRS and GAS, as well as several social consequences of the illness (living situation at the end of the observation time, downward occupational drift, downward social drift, premature retirement, achievement of the expected social development). Comparing the 30 bipolar affective and 56 bipolar schizoaffective disorders, no differences were found regarding (a) sociodemographic and general data (i.e. sex distribution, age at onset, education and occupation at onset, stable heterosexual relationship, premorbid personality and social interactions, mental illness in the family, broken home, life events, season of birth and social classes) and (b) relevant patterns of the long-term course. Regarding long-term outcome, the only difference found concerned the more favourable outcome of the bipolar affective disorders according to WHO/DAS, while using GAS the difference was not statistically significant. No difference was found either between the two bipolar groups in the social consequences of the illness. The combining of both bipolar groups as "bipolar diseases" is discussed, as well as the use of the terms "bipolar disease, affective subtype" and "bipolar disease, schizoaffective subtype".
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PMID:The concept of distinct but voluminous groups of bipolar and unipolar diseases. I. Bipolar diseases. 214 52

Seventy-six unipolar affective and 45 unipolar schizoaffective patients were compared using the same instruments as mentioned in part I of this study (this issue). In contrast to bipolar diseases significant differences regarding age at onset were found between the unipolar groups: schizoaffective unipolar patients became ill at a significantly lower age than affective unipolar patients (about 8 years). No other sociodemographic differences were found between the two groups. Patterns of course were found to be similar in both unipolar groups. Unipolar affective patients had a more favourable long-term outcome (GAS and WHO/DAS) than unipolar schizoaffective ones. Altogether, unipolar affective and unipolar schizoaffective disorders seems to have more similarities than differences.
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PMID:The concept of distinct but voluminous groups of bipolar and unipolar diseases. II. Unipolar diseases. 214 53

Seventy-two schizoaffective patients were investigated longitudinally (mean follow-up period 25.6 years). Long-term outcome of unipolar (N = 37) and bipolar (N = 35) schizoaffectives was compared. Different aspects of outcome were investigated separately using standardized instruments of evaluation. No differences were found between unipolar and bipolar schizoaffective patients with regard to global functioning (GAS), disability (WHO/DAS) or psychopathological symptomatology at follow-up. There were also no differences in social consequences of the illness, i.e. downward occupational and downward social drift, premature retirement and achievement of the expected social development.
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PMID:Unipolar and bipolar schizoaffective disorders: a comparative study. III. Long-term outcome. 259 63

The influence of symptomatological and non-symptomatological factors on the long-term outcome of schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders was investigated using the Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships (LISREL). The outcome was assessed employing the GAS, WHO/DAS, PIRS and the Bonn Criteria of Outcome. The analysis produced some interesting results in both groups, separately and in comparison with each other. The most striking difference between the two disorders concerns the finding that only symptomatological parameters directly influence the long-term outcome of schizoaffective disorders - melancholic episodes are correlated with favourable outcome, symptoms typical of schizophrenia with a relatively unfavourable outcome. Both symptomatological parameters (such as schizophrenic first-rank symptoms during course) and non-symptomatological parameters (such as life events or acuteness of onset) have a direct impact on the outcome. It was also found that "simple" depressive symptomatology (the presence of depressive symptoms not fulfilling the criteria of melancholic episodes according to DSM-III-R) has no influence on the long-term outcome of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Long-term outcome of schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders: a comparative study. II. Causal-analytical investigations. 278 21

Sixty-seven first episode schizophrenic patients (PSE-Catego criteria) have been included in this study in order to evaluate their prognosis and the factors predictive of their evolution. Potential predictive factors consisted of anamnestic and demographic data, scores on the Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS-WHO) and relatives' Expressed Emotion index (EE), measured by the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). The outcome was assessed monthly by the Global Assessment Scale (GAS/DSM III-R). At four years, 39 patients (58%) were still being followed. 33% of the patients presented a good evolution (EGF > or = 51) and 67% of the patients a bad evolution (EGF < 51). Four factors predictive of the psychosocial adaptation were extracted using regression analysis: premorbid psychosocial evolution, EE, sex and psychiatric family history. These 4 factors predicted correctly 85% of cases. Moreover, the monthly follow-up of these patients pointed to three types of evolution: the patients presenting a good and stable evolution (22%), those presenting a bad and stable evolution (33%) and those presenting an oscillating evolution which fluctuated between good and bad periods (44%). However, no predictive factors of the psychosocial adaptation of these oscillating patients could be identified through the statistical analysis. These results take all their importance regarding the treatment of schizophrenic patients, for whom the therapeutic plans which have to be settled should take into account their prognosis in the most precise manner. Moreover, the predictive value of EE on psychosocial adaptation for a 4 years period is confirmed.
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PMID:[Four year follow-up of social adjustment of a cohort of schizophrenic patients]. 778 89

Given the limited explanatory power of the available neurobiological findings, results of long-term follow-up studies should still be considered as one criterion among others in the development of psychiatric classification systems regarding schizophrenia and affective disorders. A total of 323 first hospitalized inpatients of the Psychiatric Department of the University Munich were recruited at index time and followed up after 15 years. The full follow-up evaluation including several standardized assessment procedures (AMDP, PANSS, SANS, DAS, GAS) could be performed in 197 patients. The patients originally diagnosed according to ICD-9 were re-diagnosed according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV, using SCID among others. Schizophrenic patients had a much poorer outcome than affective or schizoaffective patients in terms of negative syndrome, deficit syndrome, psychosocial impairments and GAS results, and a higher prevalence of a chronic course. The logistic regression analyses performed to find optimized predictor combinations for the prognosis of a chronic course found, for example, the total Strauss-Carpenter Scale score, male gender and several other psychopathological syndromes to be relevant predictors. The findings reflect some long-term related validity for the differentiation between schizophrenia and affective disorders. The Strauss-Carpenter Scale, male gender as well as several psychopathological syndromes are the most relevant predictors for chronicity.
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PMID:The Munich 15-year follow-up study (MUFUSSAD) on first-hospitalized patients with schizophrenic or affective disorders: comparison of psychopathological and psychosocial course and outcome and prediction of chronicity. 2049 79