Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.2.2.10 (PNL)
341 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pectinolytic enzymes of four rumen fungi have been described. Three fungal species were monocentric Neocallimastix spp. H15, JL3 and OC2, and one isolate was a polycentric strain of Orpinomyces joyonii, A4. They differed in degree of pectin degradation and utilization. Only the strain Neocallimastix sp. H15 and partially Orpinomyces joyonii A4 were able to utilize pectin to a higher extent. The most important pectinolytic activity in all these isolates represented pectin lyase (EC 4.2.2.10) and polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15). Their specific activities were in the range of 100-900 and 10-450 micrograms galacturonic acid h-1 mg protein-1 for pectin lyase and polygalacturonase, respectively. Polygalacturonase, located mainly in the endocellular fraction, was inhibited by calcium ions and had the main pH optimum at pH 6.0. All strains produced pectate lyase (EC 4.2.2.2). None of the strains tested produced pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11).
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PMID:Pectinolytic enzymes of anaerobic fungi. 776 33

Two pectinolytic enzymes were purified from the culture broth of Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis MAFF 03-01173 with total 33% recovery of the initial activity. From the substrate specificities against pectin and polygalacturonic acid, the requirement of calcium ion for the enzymatic activity, and the N-terminal sequences, the enzymes were identified as pectin lyase and pectate lyase. The M,s of pectin lyase and pectate lyase were estimated to be 34,000 and 43,000, respectively, by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both enzymes showed almost the same pH dependent activity curves with the highest activity at pH 8.3
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PMID:Pectinolytic enzymes from Pseudomonas marginalis MAFF 03-01173. 923 99

The three-dimensional structure of Aspergillus niger pectin lyase B (PLB) has been determined by crystallographic techniques at a resolution of 1.7 A. The model, with all 359 amino acids and 339 water molecules, refines to a final crystallographic R factor of 16.5%. The polypeptide backbone folds into a large right-handed cylinder, termed a parallel beta helix. Loops of various sizes and conformations protrude from the central helix and probably confer function. The largest loop of 53 residues folds into a small domain consisting of three antiparallel beta strands, one turn of an alpha helix, and one turn of a 3(10) helix. By comparison with the structure of Erwinia chrysanthemi pectate lyase C (PelC), the primary sequence alignment between the pectate and pectin lyase subfamilies has been corrected and the active site region for the pectin lyases deduced. The substrate-binding site in PLB is considerably less hydrophilic than the comparable PelC region and consists of an extensive network of highly conserved Trp and His residues. The PLB structure provides an atomic explanation for the lack of a catalytic requirement for Ca2+ in the pectin lyase family, in contrast to that found in the pectate lyase enzymes. Surprisingly, however, the PLB site analogous to the Ca2+ site in PelC is filled with a positive charge provided by a conserved Arg in the pectin lyases. The significance of the finding with regard to the enzymatic mechanism is discussed.
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PMID:The tree-dimensional structure of aspergillus niger pectin lyase B at 1.7-A resolution. 944 37

Upon addition of the fungal elicitor cryptogein, suspension cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) aggregated in clusters. Cytochemical experiments indicated that elicited cells displayed fibrillar expansions of pectin along the primary cell wall. Immunocytochemical detection of pectin epitopes indicated that the fibrillar material surrounding the treated cells was mostly composed of low methylated galacturonan sequences, but the use of the cationic probe did not reveal the presence of negatively charged carboxyl groups: the presence of important amounts of calcium ions in these pectic fibrillar expansions accounts for these observations. These data indicate that tobacco cells treated with cryptogein show a cell wall altered by the presence of a calcium pectate gel, resulting from the reorganization of pectin in the middle lamellae. These results are consistent with a drastic reduction in wall digestibility, partially reversed by increasing the pectolyase concentration in the hydrolytic solution. Diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of the oxidative burst triggered by cryptogein on tobacco cells, partially prevents elicited cell walls from this loss of digestibility, suggesting a possible role of active oxygen species in the cell wall strengthening. This work represents a new element of the signal transduction cascade triggered on tobacco cells by cryptogein.
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PMID:The fungal elicitor cryptogein induces cell wall modifications on tobacco cell suspension. 1111 59

Pectin lyase A (molecular weight 38 kD by SDS-PAGE, pI 6.7) was purified to homogeneity from culture broth of the mycelial fungus Penicillium canescens using chromatographic techniques. During genomic library screening, the gene encoding pectin lyase A from P. canescens (pelA) was isolated and sequenced, and the amino acid sequence was generated by applying the multiple alignment procedure (360 residues). A theoretical model for the three dimensional structure of the protein molecule was also proposed. Different properties of pectin lyase A were investigated: substrate specificity, pH- and temperature optimum of activity, stability under different pH and temperature conditions, and the effect of Ca2+ on enzyme activity. In the course of the laboratory trials, it was demonstrated that pectin lyase A from P. canescens could be successfully applied to production and clarification of juice.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of extracellular pectin lyase from Penicillium canescens. 1757 12

Mature plant cell walls lose their ability to expand and become unresponsive to expansin. This phenomenon is believed to be due to cross-linking of hemicellulose, pectin, or phenolic groups in the wall. By screening various hydrolytic enzymes, we found that pretreatment of nongrowing, heat-inactivated, basal cucumber (Cucumis sativus) hypocotyls with pectin lyase (Pel1) from Aspergillus japonicus could restore reconstituted exogenous expansin-induced extension in mature cell walls in vitro. Recombinant pectate lyase A (PelA) and polygalacturonase (PG) from Aspergillus spp. exhibited similar capacity to Pel1. Pel1, PelA, and PG also enhanced the reconstituted expansin-induced extension of the apical (elongating) segments of cucumber hypocotyls. However, the effective concentrations of PelA and PG for enhancing the reconstituted expansin-induced extension were greater in the apical segments than in the basal segments, whereas Pel1 behaved in the opposite manner. These data are consistent with distribution of more methyl-esterified pectin in cell walls of the apical segments and less esterified pectin in the basal segments. Associated with the degree of esterification of pectin, more calcium was found in cell walls of basal segments compared to apical segments. Pretreatment of the calcium chelator EGTA could also restore mature cell walls' susceptibility to expansin by removing calcium from mature cell walls. Because recombinant pectinases do not hydrolyze other wall polysaccharides, and endoglucanase, xylanase, and protease cannot restore the mature wall's extensibility, we can conclude that the pectin network, especially calcium-pectate bridges, may be the primary factor that determines cucumber hypocotyl mature cell walls' unresponsiveness to expansin.
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PMID:Restoration of mature etiolated cucumber hypocotyl cell wall susceptibility to expansin by pretreatment with fungal pectinases and EGTA in vitro. 1856 68

The indication of the surgical management for urolithiasis isn't decided only in the size of the stone. Even the small stone sometimes influences a kidney function and clinical symptom. Present Japanese surgical treatment for Urolithiasis is almost lithotripsy therapy. Though most of lithotripsy therapy is ESWL, TUL and PNL were chosen due to the state of the stone.
Clin Calcium 2011 Oct
PMID:[Surgical management for urolithiasis]. 2196 Feb 41

The management of renal calculi following previous open surgery represents a challenge for urologists. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes and safety of ureteroscopic laser retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for renal calculi following prior open renal surgery. The charts of 53 patients who underwent RIRS for renal calculi following prior open surgery for urolithiasis were reviewed. Both flexible and semi-rigid ureteroscopes were utilized together with holmium: YAG laser for stone disintegration. Intravenous urography, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound were used to evaluate the patient, perioperatively. Stone size ranged from 5 to 32 mm (mean 14.3 mm). The mean operative time was 86 min (20-130). The overall stone-free rate was 92.4%. The overall stone-free rates after one and two-procedures were 79.2% (42 cases) and 92.4% (49 cases), respectively. Four patients (7.5%) had larger residual fragments, 2 (3.8%) of them underwent SWL, and 2 (3.8%) cases were followed up conservatively. Major complications were reported in two patients (3.8%). Stone analysis revealed calcium oxalate in 39 patients, uric acid in 5, calcium phosphate in 4, struvite in 3, and cystine in 2 cases. Ureteroscopic retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal calculi following prior open renal surgery was a minimally invasive, safe procedure with a high success rate. It is a viable alternative for PNL in managing recurrent renal calculi efficiently.
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PMID:Ureteroscopic retrograde intrarenal surgery after previous open renal stone surgery: initial experience. 2205 6

ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) is widely used for upper urinary stones and successfully treats most patients with uncomplicated kidney stones. ESWL is still of high strategic importance despite ureteroscopy and PNL occupy an essential place in the treatment of urinary stones by technologic advancements. However ESWL is just one of treatment tool and the best procedure should be selected for the patients. Moreover urolithiasis is one of lifestyle-related diseases and should be treated as systemic illness in the daily medical practice.
Clin Calcium 2015 Jan
PMID:[Bone and Calcium Research Update 2015. Clinical update of urolithiasis--ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy)]. 2553 May 27

Morbidity of USD is constantly rising in Armenia as well as in the world and this tendency is rising on its own. The prevalence for 100,000 of population has grown from 252,1 in 1990 to 519.6 in 2014. If in 1990 the incidence of USD was 52.6 new cases per 100,000 of population, in 2014 the incidence grew to 196.2 new cases. We have analyzed data of 793 patients, who were examined and treated at "Izmirlyan" Medical Center from 2006 to 2013 with the diagnosis of USD. The stones were removed by a medical expulsion technique as well as surgically by ESWL, URS, PNL, laparoscopy or open surgery. Chemical analysis of stone shows that 49,56% patients had calcium oxalate stones, 7,19% - uric acid stones, 0,76% - carbonate stones, 0,38% - phosphate stones, 0,26% - cystine stone and 41,6% - Mixed stones. The stone distribution by chemical composition in patients from Yerevan is the following: 52,3% - calcium oxalate stones, 5,9% - uric acid stones, 1,05% - carbonate stones, 0,42% - phosphate stones, 40,33% - mixed stones. The stone type largest percentage by regions of Armenia: oxalate stones in Armavir region of Armenia - 58,4%; uric acid stones in Tavush and Sunik regions - 25% and 17,6%; mixed stones in Lori and Vayots-Dzor regions. In conclusion we can say that in a small country like Armenia USD is one of the most widespread diseases with different stone composition, depending on the region, as far as the landscape of the country varies from 380 to 4100 m above sea level and climate ranges from hot subtropical to cold high-land. CaOx stones are seen most frequently throughout Armenia, the percentage of these stone ranged from 31,25% to 58,4%, with a medium value of 49,56%. Next largest group is represented by mixed stones, which mostly consist of CaOx again and uric acid stones, which, of interest, constitutes more stone burden in absolute figures compared to pure uric acid stones.
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PMID:[; RETROSPECTIVE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF URINARY STONE DISEASE IN THE REGIONS OF ARMENIA]. 3296 44


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