Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:4.2.2.10 (PNL)
 341 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polysaccharide lyases (or eliminases) are a class of enzymes (EC 4.2.2.-) that act to cleave certain activated glycosidic linkages present in acidic polysaccharides. These enzymes act through an eliminase mechanism, rather than through hydrolysis, resulting in unsaturated oligosaccharide products. Acidic polysaccharides are ubiquitous and so are the lyases that degrade them. This review article examines lyases that act on acidic polysaccharides of plant, animal, and microbial origin. These lyases are predominantly of microbial origin and come from a wide variety of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and fungi. The lyases discussed include alginate lyase (EC 4.2.2.3), pectin lyase (EC 4.2.2.10), pectate lyase (EC 4.2.2.2), oligogalacturonide lyase (EC 4.2.2.6), exopolygalacturonate lyase (EC 4.2.2.9), chondroitin lyases (EC 4.2.2.4 and EC 4.2.2.5), hyaluronate lyase (EC 4.2.2.1), heparin lyase (EC 4.2.2.7), heparan lyase (EC 4.2.2.8), and other unclassified lyases. This review examines the sources, regulation, purification, and properties of these polysaccharide lyases.
 ...
PMID:Polysaccharide lyases. 352 91

The proposed method is said to provide more precise and reliable information about phagocytic properties of PNL at the light-optical and electron-microscopic levels than do the other currently available and widely used techniques.
 ...
PMID:[A method for determining the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. 366 53

Binding patterns of lectins conjugated with horseradish peroxidase were studied on rabbit oviduct after mating and during pregnancy. The results of this research demonstrated beyond any doubt that the oviduct in the first days after mating and during the gestation period undergoes enormous changes at both surface and cytoplasmic carbohydrates. All the lectins used displayed modifications in the intensity of their reactivity, but the most interesting information was that concerning PNL, SBL and Con A lectins which showed remarkable differences in the behaviour of glycosidic residues in ampulla and isthmus.
 ...
PMID:Lectins as indicators of cell surface and cytoplasmic sugar changes in the oviduct of the postovulatory and pregnant rabbit. 371 21

Three pectinase--gold complexes were used to localize polygalacturonic acids in the fungus Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg) Schlaepfer-Bernhard. With the pectinesterase and pectin lyase--gold complexes, the labelling was uniformly distributed over the fungus walls and did not seem to be significantly influenced by the tissue preparation. With the polygalacturonase--gold complex, differences in the labelling distribution were noted according to the fixation procedure indicating, therefore, that osmication of the tissues could greatly interfere with the localization of the specific enzyme binding sites. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the possibility of detecting polygalacturonic acids by means of different gold-complexed pectinases.
 ...
PMID:Use of pectinases complexed to colloidal gold for the ultrastructural localization of polygalacturonic acids in the cell walls of the fungus Ascocalyx abietina. 373 65

The distribution of blood group antigen H(O), peanut lectin receptor (PNL-R) (a precursor to the MN blood group antigens), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was examined in 15 squamous cell carcinomas, 10 keratoacanthomas, 17 squamous dysplasias, and 5 normal controls using immunoperoxidase techniques. All controls and 8 carcinomas, 10 keratoacanthomas, 14 dysplasias expressed H antigen. All controls and 9 carcinomas, 10 keratoacanthomas, 16 dysplasias expressed PNL-R antigen. CEA was present in 15 carcinomas, in trace amounts in 3 keratoacanthomas, in 6 dysplasias, and in 0 controls. The staining for H antigen and PNL-R in the carcinomas and dysplasias was disorganized, patchy, and less than that of normal epithelium, while staining in keratoacanthomas was uniform, with normal to increased intensity as compared to controls in 9 cases. CEA showed weak focal staining in 5 carcinomas, 8 dysplasias and 3 keratoacanthomas, and more intense and extensive cytoplasmic and membrane staining in 10 carcinomas and 5 dysplasias, and no cellular staining in 4 dysplasias and 7 keratoacanthomas. CEA was present in greatest amounts in the well-differentiated carcinomas and focal in the less-differentiated tumors. The well-differentiated carcinomas had a greater percentage of cells staining for H antigen and PNL-R. The pattern of staining for H, PNL-R, and CEA appears to distinguish keratoacanthomas from carcinomas and squamous dysplasias, and may be a useful adjunct to diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:H, peanut lectin receptor, and carcinoembryonic antigen distribution in keratoacanthomas, squamous dysplasias, and carcinomas of skin. 390 25

A new method for detecting enzymes produced by fungal spores during germination is described here. With this method, the production of enzymes such as protease, cellulase, or pectinase can be correlated with the extent of spore germination. Germination is studied in vitro on agar-based media containing protein, cellulose, or pectin. The spores are immobilized on a permeable membrane mounted on the substrate-containing medium. At various times after inoculation the membrane-bound spores are removed and the medium is stained. The extent of germination is assessed by microscopic examination of the spores and the presence of active hydrolytic enzymes is revealed by the staining. The staining methods are sensitive; detection limits are 1 X 10(-3) unit of cellulase; 2 X 10(-4) unit of protease; 3 X 10(-3) unit of pectin lyase; 3.5 units of polygalacturonase; 2 X 10(-3) unit of pectin methyl esterase. The method has been demonstrated by studying the production of enzymes by germinating conidia of Botrytis cinerea. Cellulase and protease were present before any spores germinated. Pectin lyase was first observed when at least 80% of the spores had germinated. Pectin methyl esterase and polygalacturonase were not produced by the spores.
 ...
PMID:Plate assay for determining the time of production of protease, cellulase, and pectinases by germinating fungal spores. 391 30

Ten tumours of tonsillar or epipharyngeal localization showing the histological picture of "lymphoepithelial carcinoma" (Schmincke 1921) were examined immunohistochemically using Peanut lectin, Ulex europaeus lectin-I and an antiserum to S-100 protein. The findings suggest a close relationship of this type of carcinoma to the normal tonsillar crypt epithelium. The majority of tumour cells are UEA-I-positive and PNL-negative, as is the crypt epithelium, while oral mucosa is both PNL- and to a lesser extent UEA-I-reactive. Tumour areas expressing this pattern contain a large number of asteroid-shaped PNL-positive histiocytes and arachnoid-shaped histiocytes reacting with anti-S-100 protein; both cell types being probably identical and representing typical elements of the normal tonsillar crypt epithelium. Consequently, the WHO-term "nasopharyngeal carcinoma, undifferentiated type" seems to be inadequate for this type of tumour.
 ...
PMID:Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (Schmincke type) as a derivate of the tonsillar crypt epithelium. 643 1

To prove the existance of specific cellular immunity in leukemia the antigen preparations, obtained from the leukemia spleens and from embryos were studied in electrophoretic mobility test. It was shown that only spleens, which were obtained at days 2 and 3 after virus inoculation, possess the specific antigenic activity. Immunogenicity is associated with D-galactosyl residues, as was shown in the experiments with competitive inhibition by sugars, binding with peanut lectin and isolation of PNL-positive cells.
 ...
PMID:Immunogenicity of splenocytes, associated with temporal exposition of D-galactosyl residues, in Rauscher leukemia. 649 76

The binding of horseradish-peroxidase-labelled peanut lectin (HRP-PNL) to cryostat sections of tonsil, lymphoma lymph nodes, reactive lymph nodes and miscellaneous tumours demonstrated that PNL binds selectively to lymphocytes in germinal centres. Lymph nodes from 21 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were phenotyped as cell suspensions for PNL binding, and the following surface markers: E rosetting, C3d, SIg, OK markers of T-cell subsets, Ig heavy-chain and light-chain classes. There was a positive correlation between PNL binding and cells with SIg and C3d receptors. 4/5 cases of centroblastic/centrocytic follicular lymphoma had a PNL+ SIg+ C3d+ phenotype. Both cases of centroblastic/centrocytic diffuse lymphoma were PNL-. There was no correlation between PNL binding and heavy- or light-chain Ig class. PNL binding and presence of C3d receptors were not always positively correlated, indicating that follicular cells may be either PNL+ SIg+ C3d+ or PNL+ SIg+ C3d-. The binding pattern of PNL to 1 case of thymic hyperplasia and 2 cases of malignant lymphoma lymphoblastic T type suggested that some but not all cortical thymocytes bind PNL.
 ...
PMID:Binding of peanut lectin to germinal-centre cells: a marker for B-cell subsets of follicular lymphoma? 678 56

The binding pattern of horseradish peroxidase conjugated peanut lectin (HRP-PNL) on frozen sections of lymphoid tissue from man, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea-pig, rabbit, sheep and chicken has been investigated. Binding of PNL was found to be highly species dependent; man, mouse and sheep showed strong binding to lymphocytes in thymic cortex and germinal centres; lymphoid tissue from hamster, guinea-pig and rabbit did not stain with HRP-PNL and rat showed only lightly positive cells in thymic cortex and germinal centres; all lymphoid tissue from chicken, except the bursal cortex, bound PNL. Neuraminidase treatment of tissues which did not bind PNL resulted in strongly PNL-positive cells. Double binding studies on murine Peyer's patches with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated PNL (FITC-PNL) and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-anti-Thy-1.2 or anti-immunoglobulin reagents revealed 3%-10% of PNL positive cells to be Thy-1.2 positive and 70%-80% to bear surface immunoglobulin.
 ...
PMID:Binding of peanut lectin to thymic cortex and germinal centres of lymphoid tissue. 697 47


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>