Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Vertebrates' plasmatic apolipoproteins and a few number of lipases in their metabolism present sequence homologies. They are grouped in genes families. The four exons apolipoproteins gene family includes nine human genes: the divergence rate of their sequences allows to place the first ancestral gene very high in the phylogenetic tree of the evolution. However, a more recent duplication of apolipoprotein C-I gene dating from 40 millions years, may be a phylogenetic marker for the radiation of Monkeys. Pancreatic lipase and isoforms, lipoprotein-lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol-lipase form by their homologies a "superfamily" of genes, which also includes yolk proteins of Dipterians eggs. Sequence homologies of PL, LPL and HL are analysed and compared with multiple alignments of amino-acids and nucleotides on spreadsheets. From these comparisons we may characterize four classes of phylogenetic markers: 1) repetitive DNA sequence (Alu, B1, PRE-1) appeared during Mammals evolution, 2) short insertions or deletions (within N-terminal domain) and a gene conversion in guinea-pig lineage, 3) a progressive reduction of intron number during the lipases evolution, 4) several duplications of genes which have produced the five genes of this superfamily currently known in the human genome.
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PMID:[Genes of the lipase family: comparison of nucleic and proteinic sequences]. 133 96

In order to compare the influence of a single bout of exercise on HDL-C metabolism with normal variability, 12 male runners (mean age: 24.9 +/- 4 yr) who ran 15-30 miles per week underwent exercise (E) and control (C) experimental conditions. During the E trial subjects ran on a motor driven treadmill at 75% (42.5 +/- 4.7 ml.kg-1.min-1) VO2max until 800 Kcals were expended. The C trial consisted of no exercise. Subjects were instructed to follow the same diet and keep a four d food diary during each experimental condition. Fasted blood samples were obtained at the same time of day in each condition at time points corresponding to 24 h pre-exercise (24 PRE), 6 h post- (6 h) and 24 h post-exercise (24 h). Plasma was analyzed for HDL-C, HDL2-C and HDL3-C (mg.dl-1). In addition post-heparin plasma samples were analyzed for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activity (mumol.FFA-1.ml-1). All values were adjusted for changes in plasma volume and compared to Baseline. HDL-C levels were unaltered following the C trial. However, following the E trial, HDL-C increased (p < 0.01) above baseline values at 24 h. The increase in HDL-C was reflected in the HDL3-C subfraction (p < 0.05). Analysis of lipolytic activity revealed an overall greater LPL activity (p < 0.05) in the E trial vs the C trial. In addition, a decrease in HL was observed at 24 h (p < 0.05) but was not different between experimental conditions. These data suggest that exercise and not normal variability are responsible for alterations in lipolytic activity and corresponding increases in HDL-C levels.
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PMID:Comparison of exercise and normal variability on HDL cholesterol concentrations and lipolytic activity. 885 3

The family Poxviridae contains two subfamilies: the Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects) and the Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates). Here we present the first characterization of the genome of an entomopoxvirus (EPV) which infects the North American migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes and other important orthopteran pests. The 236-kbp M. sanguinipes EPV (MsEPV) genome consists of a central coding region bounded by 7-kbp inverted terminal repeats and contains 267 open reading frames (ORFs), of which 107 exhibit similarity to previously described genes. The presence of genes not previously described in poxviruses, and in some cases in any other known virus, suggests significant viral adaptation to the arthropod host and the external environment. Genes predicting interactions with host cellular mechanisms include homologues of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein, stress response protein phosphatase 2C, extracellular matrixin metalloproteases, ubiquitin, calcium binding EF-hand protein, glycosyltransferase, and a triacylglyceride lipase. MsEPV genes with putative functions in prevention and repair of DNA damage include a complete base excision repair pathway (uracil DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease, DNA polymerase beta, and an NAD+-dependent DNA ligase), a photoreactivation repair pathway (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase), a LINE-type reverse transcriptase, and a mutT homologue. The presence of these specific repair pathways may represent viral adaptation for repair of environmentally induced DNA damage. The absence of previously described poxvirus enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism and the presence of a novel thymidylate synthase homologue suggest that MsEPV is heavily reliant on host cell nucleotide pools and the de novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. MsEPV and lepidopteran genus B EPVs lack genome colinearity and exhibit a low level of amino acid identity among homologous genes (20 to 59%), perhaps reflecting a significant evolutionary distance between lepidopteran and orthopteran viruses. Divergence between MsEPV and the Chordopoxvirinae is indicated by the presence of only 49 identifiable chordopoxvirus homologues, low-level amino acid identity among these genes (20 to 48%), and the presence in MsEPV of 43 novel ORFs in five gene families. Genes common to both poxvirus subfamilies, which include those encoding enzymes involved in RNA transcription and modification, DNA replication, protein processing, virion assembly, and virion structural proteins, define the genetic core of the Poxviridae.
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PMID:The genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus. 984 59