Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hydrophobic nature of proteins is characterized by a degree of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate (TNS) affinity to them and is pronounced quantitatively in the semi-saturated (C1/2) concentrations. This index correlates directly with the position of TNS emission maximum after the binding with proteins and reversely with the yield of fluorescence. The preparations of phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, xantinoxidase, glyceratekinase, lysozyme, RNase during the long (1-2 h) contact with TNS change the values C1/2, that evidences for interaction with the hydrophobic indicator of new structures of protein molecule or for a change in the nature of its linkage itself. An attempt is made to characterize the accessible for TNS hydrophobic nature of individual proteins by a coefficient of molar hydrophobic nature which unites three mentioned characteristics. Serum albumin, insulin, glucogon, alpha chemotrypsin, DNase are most hydrophobic, pyruvate kinase, aldolase, urease, RNase--least hydrophobic, Glycerate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, xanthinoxidase, trypsin, lysozyme are in intermediate position.
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PMID:[Comparative characteristics of hydrophobic nature of certain proteins by their interaction with 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonates]. 120 4

In the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the guinea pig, rat, golden hamster, and mouse the activity and distribution of enzymes related to the energy-supplying metabolism and of some marker enzymes of different cell organelles have been investigated by means of mostly modified histochemical methods. The results were compared with findings in the ciliated ependyma of the ventricular wall and with those in the ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle. In the ependymal part of the SCO only a moderate activity of hexokinase is observed in its specialized columnar cells whereas a high activity is present both in the ciliated ependyma and the choroid plexus. - The staining pattern of glucose-6-phosphatase is similar to that of hexokinase but this enzyme is found is the SCO only. - Likewise hexokinase, glycogen granules and enzymes related to glycogen metabolism (phosphoglucomutase, uridine-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase) are regularly found most numerous and active in the nuclear and supra-nuclear area of the ependymal part. These enzymes are less active in both the other ependymal regions. - Uridine-diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated in the SCO. The NADP-linked enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, show a moderate activity which decreases also from the nuclear towards the apical area of the ependymal cells of the SCO. Enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, such as glucosephosphate isomerase, fructose-6-phosphate kinase, fructose-I,6-diphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase, are highly active in the SCO and are located mainly in the supranuclear area, too. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase could not be demonstrated thus indicating that in the SCO the pathway is most probably only glycolytic but not gluconeogenetic. Compared to the ependyma of the ventricular wall and of the choroid plexus, in the SCO the M type subunits of lactate dehydrogenase predominate. Glycolytic enzymes are also very active in the choroid plexus but less in the ciliated ependyma. Compared to the ciliated ependyma and especially to the ependyma of the choroid plexus, the activities of enzymes which are only present in mitochondria (NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase after preextraction, cytochrome oxidase, 3-hydroxybutyrate and glycerolphosphate and glutamate dehydrogenase) are relatively low. Mitochondria are accumulated near the superior pole of the nuclei as well as in the most apical part of the ependymal cells. - The staining pattern of NADP-linked isocitrate and malate dehydrogenase as well as of NADH dehydrogenase suggests that these enzymes are localized both in and out of mitochondria. The extramitochondrial activity of the first two enzymes might be localized in the cytosol. The extramitochondrial activity of NADH dehydrogenase might be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum...
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PMID:Enzymatic organization of the subcommissural organ. 123 49

The activity of aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes was studied in various areas of the albino rat brain in stressed state connected with insomnia and fatigue. The activity of the mentioned enzymes in the brain various areas is established to change differently and depend on the stress agent. So, under insomnia the activity of aldolase increases in the horn of Ammon and midbrain and that of lactate dehydrogenase--in the great hemispheres and cerebellum. Under conditions of fatigue the activity of aldolase does not change, that of lactate dehydrogenase lowers in the great hemispheres and stem. In fatigue the activity of isoenzyme LDG1 lowers and that of LDG4+5--increases in the great hemispheres, stem and cerebellum. The activity of these isoenzymes is unchanged with insomnia.
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PMID:[Change in the activity of glycolytic enzymes in different areas of the albino rat brain in dependence on the stress agent]. 123 39

Detailed histochemical studies have been conducted on the distribution of various enzymes such as thiamine pyrophosphatase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in various components of the nucleus Edinger-Westphali, nucleus n. oculomotorii, nucleus ruber and nucleus niger of healthy adult male Wistar strain rats. The thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction showed the morphological patterns of the Golgi apparatus characteristic for each nucleus. The Golgi apparatus was well developed in the nucleus Edinger-Westphali, composing a network of highly fenestrated plates in the nucleus n. oculomotorii and nucleus ruber, and a simple network in the nucleus niger. These results indicate that the former three nuclei need a rich energy supply and argue against the possibility that the four nuclei have a secretory role. The neurons of the nucleus Edinger-Westphali may derive their energy mainly from glucose of the circulating blood, but glial cells may serve as energy donators to the neurons in the pars compacta of the nucleus niger, and the neurons of the other nuclei may derive energy from both sources. These conclusions are consistent with the morphological patterns of the Golgi apparatus.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and on the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in various nuclei of the rat mesencephalon. 124 52

This investigation was undertaken to develop cytotoxicity assay systems using primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells as an experimental model to evaluate oculotoxic agents and the ability of these in vitro assay systems to predict irritancy potential and delayed toxicity. We have characterized the epithelial nature of the cultures by identifying keratins with antikeratin antibodies (AE1/AE3) and by demonstrating metabolic enzymes important to the integrity of the cells: lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase. Eight surfactants were compared and ranked according to their cytotoxic potential. We evaluated cytotoxicity by measuring leakage of the cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, into the medium, by making morphological observations and by assessing lysosomal neutral red uptake and mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction. The cells were treated for 1 h with the surfactants and the possibility of delayed toxicity was evaluated 24 h after removal of the surfactant. The cytotoxicity of the different types of surfactants as shown by all the tests was cationic > anionic = amphoteric > non-ionic. Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant but a severe irritant, had a ranking similar to anionic surfactants. The in vitro rankings corresponded well to reported in vivo Draize rabbit eye test data. The 24-h test for lactate dehydrogenase leakage showed that mild and non-irritating surfactants did not demonstrate any subsequent damage after a 1-h exposure, but the extreme and severe surfactants continued to show further damage after the 1-h exposure. These in vitro findings were similar to reported in vivo results. The neutral red and MTT tests did not adequately predict the prolonged toxicity of the more irritating surfactants, as was demonstrated by the lactate dehydrogenase leakage test. We conclude that in vitro cytotoxicity assays using primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells may be used to rank the cytotoxic potential of surfactants, but only the lactate dehydrogenase leakage test was able to assess prolonged cell injury.
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PMID:Evaluation of surfactant cytotoxicity potential by primary cultures of ocular tissues: I. Characterization of rabbit corneal epithelial cells and initial injury and delayed toxicity studies. 128 45

1. Haematology, red cell metabolism and blood chemistry of five fledgeling black-faced cormorants Leucocarbo fuscescens were studied and the results were compared with previously reported data on several other sea-birds. 2. The mean erythrocyte count of the cormorant is similar to that of penguins but lower than that of flying, non-diving sea-birds. The cormorant's red cell mean cell volume (MCV) is lower than that of penguins but higher than that of non-diving sea-birds. 3. Leucocyte numbers are within expected limits for avian species. 4. Red cell enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase and enolase are higher in the cormorant than in the little penguin; glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, monophosphoglyceromutase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase are lower. 5. Haemoglobin electrophoresis showed a typical avian haemoglobin pattern.
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PMID:Haematology, red cell metabolism and blood chemistry of the black-faced cormorant Leucocarbo fuscescens. 135 26

With the purpose of determining the long and short term changes in serum enzyme activities after a marathon race, a survey involving nine healthy male runners was carried out. A basal blood sample was extracted from each 24 hours prior to the race and three further extractions were made immediately after the race, as well as at 1 and a final 24 h after the end of the race. In the enzymes of preferably hepatic origin--alkaline phosphatase (AP), ganna-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)--scanty modifications were found and these could be related to the changes observed in the plasma volume. Enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which are widely distributed in the tissues, were found to have undergone more marked variations and these could not be related to the changes in the volume of the plasma, while in enzymes of muscular origin such as aldolase (ALD), creatine kinase (CK) and its cardiac isoenzyme (CK-MB), notable increases were observed due to the muscular injury suffered. The greatest example of this was the increase found in total CK 24 h after the end of the marathon (414.6%). The high serum percentages found in CK-MB in these endurance-trained runners in relation to total CK activity should be carefully assessed in order to avoid false diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
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PMID:Serum enzymes activities at rest and after a marathon race. 143 88

A comparative biochemical study on some enzymes of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway in various fractions (cyst wall, cyst fluid and zoites) of the sarcocysts of Sarcocystis fusiformis from the oesophageal muscles of naturally infected Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was carried out. The pattern and the magnitude of enzymic activity differed markedly in these fractions. Phosphorylase, hexokinase, aldolase and pyruvate kinase showed their highest levels of activity in the zoites fractions, whereas lactate dehydrogenase was the highest in cyst fluid. Alcohol dehydrogenases were non-detectable. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were localized in the cyst wall only. Zoites were considered to be the most active metabolic sites for glucose breakdown.
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PMID:Some glucose metabolic enzymes in various fractions of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis fusiformis of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). 144 Nov 91

Total creatine kinase measurement in serum has remained the best overall marker for detection and monitoring of skeletal muscle diseases, despite that different human tissues exhibit varying distributions of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of creatine kinase. Acute myocardial infarction aside, increases in total serum creatine kinase, as reflected by the MM isoenzyme, are most commonly caused by injury or diseases to striated muscle. Enzyme markers of skeletal muscle injury that have been previously used (eg, aldolase, enolase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5) are not as specific as creatine kinase and have limited clinical utility. However, new enzyme and protein markers are currently being investigated, eg, troponin and carbonic anhydrase III, which are more specific than creatine kinase toward particular tissues. Moreover, measurement of creatine kinase isoforms may provide information about whether muscle turnover is acute or chronic.
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PMID:Clinical applications of muscle enzymes and proteins. 145 75

Total serum protein, serum albumin, total urine protein excretion, and the serum activity of several enzymes--aldolase (ALS), cholinesterase (CHS), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)--were estimated in rats with nephrotic syndrome (NS) at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 30 days after a single injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). It was found that: (a) total serum protein and serum albumin diminished on day 4 and returned to control values on days 20 and 30, respectively; (b) total urine protein excretion rose on day 4, reached a peak value on day 8, and then fell substantially but still remained higher than control values on day 30; (c) ALS and CHS activities increased; (d) LAP, ICD, and AST activities showed a biphasic pattern, first increasing and then decreasing; (e) ALT, LDH, HBD, CK, and ALP activities decreased; and (f) GGT activity remained unchanged. The differences in the profiles of the enzyme activities suggest their independent regulation in experimental NS induced by PAN.
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PMID:Activity of serum enzymes in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome. 146 3


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