Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
 3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle including ribulose-diphosphate carboxylase, ribulose-5-phosphate kinase, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline fructose-1,6-diphos-phatase were shown to be present in autotrophically grown Rhodospirillum rubrum. Enzyme levels were measured in this organism grown photo- and dark heterotrophically as well. Several, but not all, of these enzymes appeared to be under metabolic control, mediated by exogenous carbon and nitrogen compounds. Light had no effect on the presence or levels of any of these enzymes in this photosynthetic bacterium. The enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and enolase were shown to be present in R. rubrum cultured aerobically, autotrophically, or photoheterotrophically, both in cultures evolving hydrogen and under conditions where hydrogen evolution is not observed. Light had no clearly demonstrable effect on the presence or levels of any of these enzymes.
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PMID:Photosynthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum. 3. Metabolic control of reductive pentose phosphate and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. 604 59

The duration of diabetes, age and genetic predispositions are admitted agents of risk in diabetic neuropathy. The reasons of diabetic neuropathy are suspected in cooperation with various factors among which metabolic disturbances and ischaemia are the most important. The abnormal activation of sorbitol tract is very significant agent of development of diabetic neuropathy. The excess of sorbitol which is accumulating also in nervous tissue causes its damage in osmotic way. At the same time decreasing concentration of myoinositol reduces ATP-ase Na+/K+ activity which is important in impulse conduction. The overproduction of free oxygenic radical (oxidative lesion) and nitrogen oxide (vasodilator) deficiency is inducted by hyperglycaemia and the activation of aldolase reductase. Metabolic disturbances cause the decrease of carnitine concentration what deteriorates nerve sensitivity on growth factor. The activation of sorbitol tract leads to nonenzymatic proteins glycation which causes thickening of basement membrane and proliferation of endothelium cells. In this way increased vascular resistance decreases tissue perfusion and induces nerve hypoxia. The impairment of nerve blood supply depends on altered in diabetes rheological properties. They are inconveniently changed through hyperglycaemia, hyperlypidaemia, dysproteinaemia and excessive aggregation and rigidity of morphotic elements of blood.
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PMID:[Contemporary views on the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy]. 968 30

The proposed laboratory investigation was designed to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to both continuous and intermittent magnetic fields (MFs) (50 Hz-10 microT) on the circadian rhythm of clinical chemistry variables in humans: electrolytes (magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride), enzymes (amylase, lipase, aldolase, gamma glutamyl-transferase [GGT], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]), lipids (cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], apolipoprotein A1 [ApoA1], and ApoB), proteins (total proteins and albumin), nitrogen substances (uric acid, urea, and creatinine), iron, glycemia, and transferrin. Young volunteers (32 subjects; 16 exposed and 16 sham exposed) were selected according to the screening criteria. Each subject participated in two sessions held within a 4-week period. In the first session, one group of volunteers (16 subjects) was exposed to a continuous MF and then, in the second session, to an intermittent MF. The second group (16 subjects) served as a control for both sessions. At each session, blood samples were collected at 3 h intervals from 11:00 to 20:00 and hourly from 22:00 to 08:00. The results indicate that both continuous and intermittent 50-Hz linearly polarized MFs of 10 microT intensity have no effects on the circadian rhythms or on the levels of the variables studied here.
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PMID:Assessment of the effects of nocturnal exposure to 50-Hz magnetic fields on the human circadian system. A comprehensive study of biochemical variables. 1058 79

Many bacterial commensals and pathogens use the sialic acids as carbon and nitrogen sources. In Escherichia coli, the breakdown of these sugars is catalysed by gene products of the nan (Nacylneuraminate) operon; other microorganisms may use a similar catabolic strategy. Despite the known ligand and antirecognition functions of the sialic acids, the contribution of their catabolism to infection or host colonization has never been directly investigated. We addressed these questions with Haemophilus influenzae type b, which metabolizes relatively few carbohydrates, using the infant-rat infection model. The predicted H. influenzae homologue (HI0142) of the E. coli sialic acid aldolase structural gene, nanA, was subcloned and mutagenized by insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette. Phenotypic investigation of the resulting H. influenzae aldolase mutants showed that: (i) HI0142 is essential for sialic acid degradation; (ii) the products of the open reading frames (ORFs) flanking HI0142 (HI0140, 41, 44 and 45) are likely to have the same functions as those of their counterparts in E. coli; (iii) sialylation of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 3F11 is dependent on an environmental source of sialic acid; (iv) a nanA mutant hypersialylates its LOS sialyl acceptor, corresponding to an apparent increased fitness of the mutant in the infant-rat model; and (v) expression of the LOS sialyl acceptor is altered in cells grown without exogenous sialic acid, indicating the direct or indirect effect of sialic acid metabolism on LOS antigenicity. Taken together the data show the dual role of sialic acid catabolism in nutrition and cell surface modulation.
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PMID:Sialic acid metabolism's dual function in Haemophilus influenzae. 1084 95

The synthesis of 3-azido-3-deoxy, 3-amino-3-deoxy and 3-N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-3-deoxy derivatives of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha,beta-D-mannose (N-acetyl-alpha,beta-D-mannosamine, ManNAc), is presented. The 3-azido-3-deoxy- and 3-N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl compounds were further characterised as their peracetates. A preliminary study has found that these C-3 nitrogen-substituted derivatives of ManNAc not to be substrates for Neu5Ac aldolase.
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PMID:Synthesis of C-3 nitrogen-containing derivatives of N-acetyl-alpha,beta-D-mannosamine as substrates for N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase. 1143 70

All of the enzymes relating to aniline degradation in C. acidovorans AN3 were inducible ones. When growing on aniline as sole carbon, nitrogen and energy sources, the cells of C. acidovorans AN3 contained aniline dioxygenase, catechol-2, 3-dioxygenase, 2-hydromuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 4-oxalocrotonic acid decarboxylase and 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate acid aldolase. The Km and Vmax of aniline dioxygenase were 292 mumol/L and 3.57 mumol.mg-1. min-1, respectively. The Km and Vmax of catechol-2, 3-dioxygenase were 16.4 mumol/L and 15.2 mumol.mg-1.min-1, respectively. According to these results, the degradation metabolism pathway of aniline by C. acidovorans AN3 was hypothesised.
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PMID:[Studies on the metabolism pathway of aniline degradation by Comamonas acidovorans AN3]. 1255 27

At present two alternative methods are available for analyzing the fluxes in a metabolic network: (1) combining measurements of net conversion rates with a set of metabolite balances including the cofactor balances, or (2) leaving out the cofactor balances and fitting the resulting free fluxes to measured (13)C-labeling data. In this study these two approaches are applied to the fluxes in the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway of Penicillium chrysogenum growing on either ammonia or nitrate as the nitrogen source, which is expected to give different pentose phosphate pathway fluxes. The presented flux analyses are based on extensive sets of 2D [(13)C, (1)H] COSY data. A new concept is applied for simulation of this type of (13)C-labeling data: cumulative bondomer modeling. The outcomes of the (13)C-labeling based flux analysis substantially differ from those of the pure metabolite balancing approach. The fluxes that are determined using (13)C-labeling data are shown to be highly dependent on the chosen metabolic network. Extending the traditional nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway with additional transketolase and transaldolase reactions, extending the glycolysis with a fructose 6-phosphate aldolase/dihydroxyacetone kinase reaction sequence or adding a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction to the model considerably improves the fit of the measured and the simulated NMR data. The results obtained using the extended version of the nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway model show that the transketolase and transaldolase reactions need not be assumed reversible to get a good fit of the (13)C-labeling data. Strict statistical testing of the outcomes of (13)C-labeling based flux analysis using realistic measurement errors is demonstrated to be of prime importance for verifying the assumed metabolic model.
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PMID:Metabolic flux and metabolic network analysis of Penicillium chrysogenum using 2D [13C, 1H] COSY NMR measurements and cumulative bondomer simulation. 1274 Sep 35

Creation of the Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms at the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR in the 30's of the last century was determined by a necessity of profound investigation of vital activity biochemism of microorganisms from various systematic groups which were studied in microbiological department of the Institute. Such complexity can explain certain diversity of the Department research at initial stages of its existence. The research of saccharose transformation into dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides, when production solutions become slingy at sugar-refinaries, was one of the first most significant works of the Department. The enzyme saccharose-glycosyl-transferase performing this process was described for the first time. A cycle of works on the study of enzymes splitting lactose in milk under the effect of Streptococcus lactis has been carried out. Complex investigation of a number of proteins, polysaccharides, enzymes in enterobacteria has shown that the blocking of the enzyme aldolase is one of the reasons of alkali formation. A method has been developed for isolation of arenarin, antibiotic of plant origin, from sandy everlasting, the nature of its acting basis has been established. Nufarin, an active antibiotic, was isolated from the roots of white water lily when studying nitrogen fixation processes, special attention was given to interaction of hydrogenase and enzymes, taking part in nitrogen fixation, to the effect of ATP on these processes, ways of its synthesis, localization of ATPase in the cell membranes. Works on the study of lypopolysaccharides and polysaccharides of Gram-negative enterobacteria, bacteria of Pseudomonas genus were started with the purpose to use the obtained data to specify systematic propositions of the investigated microorganisms. Further on these works became the basis of thematic department. There are numerous reviews dedicated to their development.
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PMID:[Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms--start of the path (1951-1973)]. 1277 2

It has been shown that helium has the ability to affect variously the rates of certain metabolic reactions in vitro as compared to nitrogen. An attempt has been made to approximate the sites of action in mouse liver preparations. The following results have been obtained by the substitution of a mixture of 80 per cent helium and 20 per cent oxygen for air: (a) An increase in the rate of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to the same degree, the respiratory quotient remaining unchanged. (b) A decrease in the magnitude of cyanide inhibition. The effectiveness of helium increases with the degree of the cyanide inhibition. (c) No effect on the activity of slices which have been poisoned with fluoride when either lactate or pyruvate has been added as a substrate. (d) A change in the rate, and the slope of the curve of oxygen consumption in liver homogenates which are utilizing pyruvate as a substrate. The use of helium relative to nitrogen under anaerobic conditions causes: (a) A depression of the glycolytic rates in both mouse liver slices and diaphragm. (b) An increase in the carbon dioxide evolution and lactic acid production of mouse liver homogenates oxidizing either glucose and hexose diphosphate, or hexose diphosphate alone. In neither slices nor homogenates does the addition of fluoride and the use of pyruvate as the hydrogen acceptor alter the fundamental response of the preparations. The following hypotheses have been advanced and discussed in order to explain the observed phenomena: 1. Helium does not alter the substrate utilized by the tissue. 2. The gas interferes in some way with the cyanide-cytochrome oxidase bond, but may not affect cytochrome oxidase in the absence of cyanide. 3. The citric acid cycle is not subject to the influence of helium in tissue slices, but is altered in an unexplained fashion in homogenates. It is postulated that a rearrangement of particulate surfaces may be the significant factor here. 4. The glycolytic cycle is the site of both an inhibitory and an acceleratory effect of helium. The locus of the inhibition lies above the aldolase reaction and that of the acceleration between the aldolase and enolase reactions.
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PMID:Effect of helium on the respiration and glycolysis of mouse liver slices. 1303 67

In experiments on mongrel albino male rats, we studied the effects of 30 mmol/kg lactic acid, 30 mmol/kg NaHCO3, and 20 mmol/kg NH4Cl (intraventricular injections, daily for 7 days) on the contents of total protein, residual nitrogen, urea, and creatinine in the blood, as well as on the activities of aldolase and alanine aminotranspherase (ALT). We also studied the effects of the above agents on renal functions: glomerular filtration rate (GFR), diuresis, and excretion of ammonium, creatinine, and protein with urine. We have found that chronic, hyperchloremic, and lactic acidosis resulted both in a significant decrease in the levels of protein and residual nitrogen and in an increase in the concentration of the urea; these phenomena were accompanied by a considerable intensification of the urinary NH4+ excretion. In contrast, under conditions of chronic alkalosis we observed a drop in the level of urea in the blood with no changes in the concentrations of protein and residual nitrogen, as well as a dramatic depression of the urinary NH4+ excretion. In that case, the concentration of creatinine in the blood, GFR, diuresis, and excretion of creatinine and protein with urine did not correlate with the above-mentioned changes in protein metabolism. In all experiments, the activities of aldolase and ALT preserved their normal level giving evidence against damage to the liver. These results give evidence for spending a great number of amino acids on the renal ammoniogenesis at chronical acidosis; their saving at alkalosis; an impairment of the protein synthesis, and an increase in protein catabolism at acidosis to replenish the pool of amino acids, as well as for an activation of the urea synthesis to eliminate the excessive amount of NH4+ from the blood.
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PMID:[Effect of chronic acidosis on protein metabolism]. 1466 91


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