Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interactions of phosphate derivatives of 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene (NA-P(2)) and 1,6-dihydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde (HNA-P, phosphate at position 6) with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle were analyzed by enzyme kinetics, difference spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics. Enzyme activity was competitively inhibited by NA-P(2), whereas HNA-P exhibited slow-binding inhibition with an overall inhibition constant of approximately 24 nM. HNA-P inactivation was very slowly reversed with t(1/2) approximately 10 days. Mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric absorption indicated that HNA-P inactivation occurs by Schiff base formation. Rates of enzyme inactivation and Schiff base formation by HNA-P were identical and corresponded to approximately 4 HNA-P molecules bound par aldolase tetramer at maximal inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved active site lysine residues 107, 146, and 229 and Asp-33 indicated that Schiff base formation by HNA-P involved Lys-107 and was promoted by Lys-146. Titration of Lys-107 by pyridoxal 5-phosphate yielded a microscopic pK(a) approximately 8 for Lys-107, corroborating a role as nucleophile at pH 7.6. Site-directed mutagenesis of Ser-271, an active site residue that binds the C(1)-phosphate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, diminished HNA-P binding and enabled modeling of HNA-P in the active site. Molecular dynamics showed persistent HNA-P phosphate interactions with the C(1)-phosphate binding site in the noncovalent adduct. The naphthaldehyde hydroxyl, ortho to the HNA-P aldehyde, was essential for promoting carbinolamine precursor formation by intramolecular catalysis. The simulations indicate a slow rate of enzyme inactivation due to competitive inhibition by the phenate form of HNA-P, infrequent nucleophilic attack in the phenol form, and significant conformational barrier to bond formation as well as electrostatic destabilization of protonated ketimine intermediates. Solvent accessibility by Lys-107 Nz was reduced in the covalent Schiff base complex, and in those instances where water molecules interacted with Lys-107 in the simulations, Schiff base hydrolysis was not mechanistically favorable. The findings at the molecular level corroborate the observed mechanism of slow-binding tight inhibition by HNA-P of muscle aldolase and should serve as a blueprint for future aldolase inhibitor design.
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PMID:Hydroxynaphthaldehyde phosphate derivatives as potent covalent Schiff base inhibitors of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. 1580 36

Under anaerobic conditions Bacillus macerans ATCC 7068 fermented 6-deoxyhexoses (l-rhamnose, l-fucose, and d-fucose) to a mixture of 1,2-propanediol (PD), acetone, H(2), CO(2), and ethanol. The final PD concentration was proportional to the amount of l-rhamnose fermented ( approximately 0.9 mol of PD per mol of rhamnose). PD was not produced from hexoses (e.g., d-glucose or l-mannose), despite active fermentation of these substrates. Relative to the fermentation of d-glucose, the fermentation of l-rhamnose was accompanied by a twofold reduction in yield of H(2), CO(2), and cell mass. Exposure of cell extracts to l-rhamnose resulted in the transient appearance of an aldehyde intermediate. Cell extracts contained a pyridine nucleotide-linked lactaldehyde reductase activity which converted synthetic d- or l-lactaldehyde to PD. The data suggest an Embden-Meyerhof pathway for 6-deoxyhexose catabolism, with the formation of lactaldehyde by a conventional aldolase cleavage reaction and subsequent reduction to PD.
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PMID:Fermentation of 6-Deoxyhexoses by Bacillus macerans. 1634 66

An irreversible competitive inhibitor hydroxynaphthaldehyde phosphate was synthesized that is highly selective against the glycolytic enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Trypanosoma brucei (causative agent of sleeping sickness). Inhibition involves Schiff base formation by the inhibitor aldehyde with Lys116 followed by reaction of the resultant Schiff base with a second residue. Molecular simulations indicate significantly greater molecular geometries conducive for nucleophilic attack in T. brucei aldolase than the mammalian isozyme and suggest Ser48 as the Schiff base modifying residue.
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PMID:Selective irreversible inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Trypanosoma brucei. 1650 66

Aldolases are a specific group of lyases that catalyze the reversible stereoselective addition of a donor compound (nucleophile) onto an acceptor compound (electrophile). Whereas most aldolases are specific for their donor compound in the aldolization reaction, they often tolerate a wide range of aldehydes as acceptor compounds. C-C bonding by aldolases creates stereocenters in the resulting aldol products. This makes aldolases interesting tools for asymmetric syntheses of rare sugars or sugar-derived compounds as iminocyclitols, statins, epothilones, and sialic acids. Besides the well-known fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, other aldolases of microbial origin have attracted the interest of synthetic bio-organic chemists in recent years. These are either other dihydroxyacetone phosphate aldolases or aldolases depending on pyruvate/phosphoenolpyruvate, glycine, or acetaldehyde as donor substrate. Recently, an aldolase that accepts dihydroxyacetone or hydroxyacetone as a donor was described. A further enlargement of the arsenal of available chemoenzymatic tools can be achieved through screening for novel aldolase activities and directed evolution of existing aldolases to alter their substrate- or stereospecifities. We give an update of work on aldolases, with an emphasis on microbial aldolases.
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PMID:Microbial aldolases as C-C bonding enzymes--unknown treasures and new developments. 1661 60

Dihydroxyacetone variants have been explored as donors in organocatalytic aldol reactions with various aldehyde and ketone acceptors. The protected form of dihydroxyacetone that was chosen for in-depth study was 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one, 1. Among the catalysts surveyed here, proline proved to be superior in terms of yield and stereoselectivities in the construction of various carbohydrate scaffolds. In a fashion analogous to aldolase enzymes, the de novo preparation of L-ribulose, L-lyxose, D-ribose, D-tagatose, 1-amino-1-deoxy-D-lyxitol, and other carbohydrates was accomplished via the use of 1 and proline. In reactions using 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one 1 as a donor, (S)-proline can be used as a functional mimic of tagatose aldolase, whereas (R)-proline can be regarded as an organocatalytic mimic of fuculose aldolase.
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PMID:Dihydroxyacetone variants in the organocatalytic construction of carbohydrates: mimicking tagatose and fuculose aldolases. 1667 55

Aldolases are emerging as powerful and cost efficient tools for the industrial synthesis of chiral molecules. They catalyze enantioselective carbon-carbon bond formations, generating up to two chiral centers under mild reaction conditions. Despite their versatility, narrow substrate ranges and enzyme inactivation under synthesis conditions represented major obstacles for large-scale applications of aldolases. In this study we applied directed evolution to optimize Escherichia coli 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) as biocatalyst for the industrial synthesis of (3R,5S)-6-chloro-2,4,6-trideoxyhexapyranoside. This versatile chiral precursor for vastatin drugs like Lipitor (atorvastatin) is synthesized by DERA in a tandem-aldol reaction from chloroacetaldehyde and two acetaldehyde equivalents. However, E. coli DERA shows low affinity to chloroacetaldehyde and is rapidly inactivated at aldehyde concentrations useful for biocatalysis. Using high-throughput screenings for chloroacetaldehyde resistance and for higher productivity, several improved variants have been identified. By combination of the most beneficial mutations we obtained a tenfold improved variant compared to wild-type DERA with regard to (3R,5S)-6-chloro-2,4,6-trideoxyhexapyranoside synthesis, under industrially relevant conditions.
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PMID:Directed evolution of an industrial biocatalyst: 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate aldolase. 1689 89

Amino acids are not only fundamental protein constituents but also serve as precursors for many essential plant metabolites. Although amino acid biosynthetic pathways in plants have been identified, pathway regulation, catabolism, and downstream metabolite partitioning remain relatively uninvestigated. Conversion of Thr to Gly and acetaldehyde by Thr aldolase (EC 4.1.2.5) was only recently shown to play a role in plant amino acid metabolism. Whereas one Arabidopsis thaliana Thr aldolase (THA1) is expressed primarily in seeds and seedlings, the other (THA2) is expressed in vascular tissue throughout the plant. Metabolite profiling of tha1 mutants identified a >50-fold increase in the seed Thr content, a 50% decrease in seedling Gly content, and few other significant metabolic changes. By contrast, homozygous tha2 mutations cause a lethal albino phenotype. Rescue of tha2 mutants and tha1 tha2 double mutants by overproduction of feedback-insensitive Thr deaminase (OMR1) shows that Gly formation by THA1 and THA2 is not essential in Arabidopsis. Seed-specific expression of feedback-insensitive Thr deaminase in both tha1 and tha2 Thr aldolase mutants greatly increases seed Ile content, suggesting that these two Thr catabolic enzymes compete for a common substrate pool.
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PMID:Two Arabidopsis threonine aldolases are nonredundant and compete with threonine deaminase for a common substrate pool. 1717 52

PEP and aldolase mimicry is the key for a direct organocatalytic entry to precursors of ulosonic acids, biomolecules of enormous importance in biology, chemistry and medicine; in the key aldol reaction the dimethylacetal of pyruvic aldehyde is used as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) equivalent and the amino acid proline functions as an organocatalyst, imitating the enzyme.
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PMID:Proline organocatalysis as a new tool for the asymmetric synthesis of ulosonic acid precursors. 1727 70

A two-step enzymatic synthesis process of 4-hydroxyisoleucine is suggested. In the first step, the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and alpha-ketobutyrate catalyzed by specific aldolase results in the formation of 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-keto-pentanoate (HMKP). In the second step, amination of HMKP by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase leads to synthesis of 4-hydroxyisoleucine. An enzyme possessing HMKP aldolase activity (asHPAL) was purified 2500-fold from a crude extract of Arthrobacter simplex strain AKU 626. Sequencing of the asHPAL structural gene showed that the purified enzyme belongs to the HpcH/HpaI aldolase family. The 4-hydroxyisoleucine was synthesized in vitro from acetaldehyde, alpha-ketobutyrate and l-glutamate using a coupled aldolase/branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase bienzymatic reaction.
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PMID:A novel strategy for enzymatic synthesis of 4-hydroxyisoleucine: identification of an enzyme possessing HMKP (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-keto-pentanoate) aldolase activity. 1755 90

The growth of Pyrobaculum aerophilum on yeast extract and nitrate was stimulated by the addition of maltose. Extracts of maltose/yeast extract/nitrate-grown cells contained all enzyme activities of a modified Embden-Meyerhof (EM) pathway, including ATP-dependent glucokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-phosphate aldolase, triose-phosphate isomerase, GAPOR, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and pyruvate kinase. The activity of GAPOR was stimulated about fourfold by maltose, indicating a role in sugar degradation. GAPOR was purified 200-fold to homogeneity and characterized as a 67 kDa monomeric, extremely thermostable protein. The enzyme showed high specificity for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and did not use glyceraldehyde, acetaldehyde or formaldehyde as substrates. By matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis of the purified enzyme, ORF PA1029 was identified as a coding gene, gapor, in the sequenced genome of Pyrobaculum aerophilum. The data indicate that the (micro)aerophilic Pyrobaculum aerophilum contains a functional GAPOR as part of a modified EM pathway. Cells of the strictly aerobic crenarchaeon Aeropyrum pernix also contain enzyme activities of a modified EM pathway similar to that of Pyrobaculum aerophilum, except that a GAPN activity replaces GAPOR activity.
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PMID:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GAPOR) and nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN), key enzymes of the respective modified Embden-Meyerhof pathways in the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeota Pyrobaculum aerophilum and Aeropyrum pernix. 1755 73


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