Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatocytes from adult rats were maintained in primary culture for up to 10-13 days on nylon meshes coated with a thin layer of rat tail collagen gel. Their ultrastructure closely resembled that of the liver parenchymal cell in vivo, but hepatocytes in late culture exhibited a pronounced buildup of microfilaments beneath their apical cell surface. Hepatocytes in early and late cultures secreted albumin, transferrin, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein into the medium; they exhibited a 7- to 10-fold induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by dexamethasone; and they expressed an alkaline phosphatase that was similar to that of normal rat liver with respect to its inhibition by the liver enzyme inhibitor L-homoarginine. In addition, the hepatocytes in culture demonstrated phenotypic changes characteristic of fetal liver parenchymal cells. These changes, which paralleled an increase in DNA synthesis, included the expression of and linear increase in the activity of the fetal liver cell enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, an increased production of alpha1-fetoprotein, and a change in the substrate specificity of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase to that of the fetal liver isozyme.
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PMID:Fetal phenotypic expression by adult rat hepatocytes on collagen gel/nylon meshes. 8 1

The contents of collagen, hexosamine, phospholipids, and cholesterol and the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases, glutamic oxalo-acetate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transminase, aldolase, hexokinase, and lactic dehydrogenase were determined in the lungs of rats 150 days after the intratracheal injection of amosite, anthophyllite, and chyrsotile. Anthophyllite did not cause any significant change, while amosite and chrysotile caused significant increases in the contents of collagen and mucopolysaccharides. Lactic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities were increased by all the dusts, while the othe enzymes were not seriously affected. The biochemical significance of the findings in relation to abestosis was discussed.
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PMID:Biochemical changes caused by asbestos dust in the lungs of rats. 123 58

The patient is 48 year-old female who has been followed as MCTD with nonsteroidal therapies for 18 years. Sometimes she has been attached by focal severe muscle pain. One year ago, she had general myalgia associated with high fever and arthralgia. The results of the examination, aldolase, GOT, GPT, gamma-GTP, CRP and leucocyte were increased. Muscle biopsy showed noncaseating epithelioid granuloma being in contact with enlarged injected vessels. Out of tough with granuloma, a few fibre necroses, fibrosis of muscle, and degeneration of collagen fiber were recognized. After treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, her every complain was removed. Her muscle looks normal herself. MCTD has myopathy caused by inflammatory infiltrates and fibre necroses. But granulomatous myositis is very rare. It is difficult to differentiate our case from sarcoidosis, especially acute isolated muscle sarcoidosis.
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PMID:[A case of mixed connective tissue disease associated with uncommon acute myopathy caused by isolated muscle epithelioid granuloma]. 221 39

Freshly isolated adult rat hepatocytes, when cultured on type I collagen (commercially available as Vitrogen), assume a polygonal shape, form a stable monolayer within 24 hours, but lose the capacity to express some liver-specific functions over time in culture. We incubated hepatocytes in a serum-free medium on a reconstituted basement membrane gel, "matrigel" (prepared from an extract of extracellular matrix of the murine Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma), and observed that the cells adhered firmly, remained rounded as single cells or clusters, and maintained liver-specific gene expression for more than 1 week in vitro. Hepatocytes on matrigel secreted substantially higher amounts of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin, Northern blot analyses of extracted cellular RNA, expressed increased amounts of mRNA for the liver-specific protein albumin (as compared with cells on vitrogen). In cultures treated with phenobarbital, cytochrome P-450b, and cytochrome P-450e, mRNAs and proteins were barely detectable in cells on Vitrogen but were induced to levels similar to those in the liver in vivo in matrigel cultures. Likewise, the use of matrigel greatly enhanced the induction of mRNA and protein for P-450c by 3-methylcholanthrene and for P-450p by steroidal and nonsteroidal inducers. However, neither substratum permitted induction of P-450d by 3-methylcholanthrene, suggesting that the effects of matrigel are selective even for expression in liver of members of the superfamily of cytochrome P-450 genes. Within 5 days in cultures on Vitrogen, hepatocytes expressed detectable amounts of fetal liver aldolase activity and also mRNA for vimentin and type I collagen, each considered a phenotypic change reflecting hepatocyte "dedifferentiation." None of these was present in cells on matrigel. Responsiveness to mitogenic stimuli, as judged by incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA, was also decreased in hepatocytes cultured on matrigel. Finally, there was a remarkable increase in the levels of both matrices during the first 2 days in culture. However, the continuously cytoskeleton mRNA over time in culture than did the rounded cells on matrigel. We conclude that hepatocytes cultured on matrigel, as opposed to the standard collagen, exhibit remarkably enhanced expression of many liver-specific functions.
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PMID:Regulation of gene expression in adult rat hepatocytes cultured on a basement membrane matrix. 335 Aug 57

Diffusion of angiotensin II, albumin and aldolase was studied through collagen membranes with swelling ratios between 4 and 15. The diffusion coefficient was measured from the time-lag for the onset of steady-state flux through the membrane. Binding of macromolecules to collagen was evaluated from the results of sorption studies conducted as a function of macromolecular concentration. Results presented indicate that the diffusion of macromolecules through collagen membrane is slowed by electrostatic and hydrogen bonding between individual macromolecular chains and collagen. The extent of adsorption is increased as the molecular weight of the diffusant increases. Diffusion of water soluble macromolecules through collagen occurs rapidly, suggesting that diffusion occurs through water filled channels as opposed to between collagen molecules. The results of these studies are useful in understanding diffusion through connective tissues and in the design of drug delivery systems based on collagen.
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PMID:Diffusivity of 125I-labelled macromolecules through collagen: mechanism of diffusion and effect of adsorption. 358 Apr 69

The paper embraces data available in literature and the results of the author's investigations which show synergism and antagonism interrelations between certain amino acids in the processes of transmembrane transport, amino acylation of transfer RNA and incorporation into protein. These interrelations may lead to activation and inhibition of the protein biosynthesis. It is established that an excess of any amino acid created with its administration into the organism induces the inhibition of biosynthesis and activity of the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase (ARSase), while deficiency of an amino acid intensifies the biosynthesis of the corresponding ARSase. Homogeneous crystalline proteins, such as aldolase of rabbit skeletal muscles, collagen I of rat skin, globin of chicken blood and others, are used as an example to show that as a result of feeding of the amino acid excess to animals, especially against a background of protein deficiency, the biosynthesis intensity changes and proteins with other primary structure and properties are synthetized. This testifies to that amino acids being substrates in the protein biosynthesis are regulators in this process. It is established that the biosynthesis of proteins with other primary structure under conditions of complete fasting, protein deprivation, feeding of an excess of certain amino acids to animals against a background of protein deficiency, atherosclerosis and other extremal states of the organism is not a result of erroneous incorporation of amino acids but is the process of regular, specific and stable character for each state and may be predicted. The biosynthesis of the protein with other primary structure under the effect of extremal conditions is caused, apparently, by capability to the changes of the proteinsynthetizing system.
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PMID:[Regulatory role of amino acids in protein biosynthesis; effect of various factors]. 390 6

Two SH-dependent proteinases (I and II) active in neutral media were isolated from bovine spleen and purified to apparent homogeneity. The histone-hydrolyzing activity of proteinase I was increased 3500-fold as compared to that of the original extract. Proteinase I hydrolyzed a variety of proteins (histones, azocasein, hemoglobin, collagen) but did not hydrolyze low molecular weight synthetic substrates, such as BAPA, BANA, BAEE, ATEE, Leu-beta-NA, Arg-beta-Na and Ala-beta-NA. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by SDS electrophoresis was found to be about 23,000. Isoelectrofocusing of the enzyme resulted in one major component with pI of 6.05 and in two minor components with pI of 6.2 and 6.4. Proteinase II hydrolyzed Leu-beta-NA, Arg-beta-NA and Ala-beta-NA but did not hydrolyze beta-naphthylamides of dicarboxylic acids and Gly-Phe-beta-Na. This proteinase split BANA and histone and very slowly split azocasein and collagen. Proteinase II was found to have a molecular weight of 30 000 and a pI of 6.8-6.9. Proteinase I inactivated fructose-1.6-diphosphate aldolase, partly inactivated glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase and caused activation of phosphodiesterase of cyclic nucleotides. Proteinase II had no effect on the activity of the above enzymes. A comparison of proteinase I and II with enzymes described in literature demonstrated that the former was cathepsin L, while the latter was cathepsin H from spleen.
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PMID:[Characteristics of two thiol proteinases from spleen active in neutral media]. 675 12

A 54-yr-old man was admitted to Hokkaido University Hospital, complaining of fever, multiple arthralgia, edematous erythema and face and muscular weakness of extremities during the last 2 months. He was diagnosed as dermatomyositis by acceleration of ESR, elevation of GOT, GPT, CPK, aldolase, moderate increases of collagen fibers in biopsy specimen of skin and his clinical signs. Although stools were positive for occult blood, the routine radiographic examination failed to detect the bleeding site in the upper GI. tract. However, in the double contrast picture of the stomach, a very fine abnormal linear shadow was observed at the upper corpus of the lesser curvature. This linear shadow was a margin of the tumor, retrospectively. About 4 months later, abnormal pain occurred and a mass was palpable in the left lumbar region, suggesting a pancreatic tumor. He was operated on excising the tumor, but was performed only exploratory laparotomy because of the presence of intra-abdominal metastases. Death occurred 40 days after the operation and necropsy was done. The gross anatomical findings of the abdomen showed a stomach tumor as large as an infant's head and its metastases to pancreas, lymph nodes, and greater and lesser omentum. Esophageal mucosa including esophagocardiac junction was intact. Histological examination of the intragastric tumor revealed a typical squamous cell carcinoma with keratinization. According to the absence of the components of adenocarcinoma and squamous metaplastic gastric mucosa of non-cancerous areas in the stomach, it seemed likely to be a heterotopic squamous cell carcinoma. It was unknown about the precedence between the stomach cancer and dermatomyositis. There have been 11 cases of primary pure squamous cell carcinoma in the world literature since 1968, but this is the first case report of coexistence of these two diseases.
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PMID:[A case report of a primary pure squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach associated with dermatomyositis (author's transl)]. 726 22

Vitamin D is responsible, through the actions of its metabolite, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3], for the generation of a wide array of biological responses, particularly in the intestine, kidney, and bone. 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 is known to interact with its nuclear receptor to mediate the regulation of gene transcription. Although many genes and gene products have been shown to be regulated by 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 (e.g. calbindin-D28K in the intestine and kidney; collagen, osteocalcin,and osteopontin in bone), their recognition has been largely the result of empirical testing. In this report we have used subtractive hybridization analysis of complementary DNA libraries prepared from messenger RNA (mRNA) isolated from the intestine and kidney of vitamin D-replete or vitamin D-deficient chicks to identify genes for novel proteins whose steady state mRNA levels are regulated by dietary vitamin D status. In the kidney we observed the down-regulated expression of at least seven mitochondrially encoded transcripts and the up-regulated expression of five nuclear encoded genes, two of which are metallothionein and the beta-subunit of aldolase. In the intestine, six mitochondrially encoded transcripts are up-regulated, and seven nuclear encoded transcripts were either up- or down-regulated. Thus, in addition to identifying new nuclear encoded genes whose mRNAs are regulated by vitamin D status, our approach has demonstrated the tissue-specific regulation of mitochondrial gene expression in the intestine and kidney.
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PMID:Tissue-specific regulation by vitamin D status of nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression in kidney and intestine. 758 3

We have previously found that the restoration of cartilage matrical proteoglycans is preceded by markedly increased activity of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase (UDPGD), an enzyme directly associated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, and by increased activity of enzymes of the major energy yielding pathways (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)). We did not find an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In the present longitudinal study of rabbits (from 5 weeks to 42 months of age), we looked for age related changes in the activity of these enzymes in auricular chondrocytes, as well as for collagen and GAG content. Collagen content (micrograms/wet weight) increased up to 12 months and remained stable; total GAG content (micrograms/wet weight) reached its maximal value at growth and then declined gradually, reducing the GAG/collagen ratio dramatically from 36 to 8. At any age LDH was two to three times more active than either G6PD, aldolase, or GAPD. SDH and UDPGD activities were even lower. The age related changes varied: (1) LDH and GAPD were stable and did not change with either growing or aging; (2) G6PD and aldolase reached their maximal activity at 3-9 months, followed by a sharp drop at 12 months. G6PD remained stable, while aldolase continued to decline, although more slowly; (3) Maximal activity of SDH and UDPGD was measured at 5 weeks. Thus, the changes in enzyme activity in chondrocytes with age were specific for each enzyme. The significant decline in G6PD, aldolase, the rate-limiting enzymes of the pentose shunt and classic glycolysis, and SDH markedly reduced the ability of chondrocytes to generate energy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Differential decline of rabbit chondrocytic dehydrogenases with age. 778 68


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