Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in the content of dipicolinic acid and mineral elements were studied in the process of Bacillus thuringiensis spore germination. The spores released up to 28% of dipicolinic acid and 18% of calcium at the activation stage, and 93 and 91%, respectively, at the initiation stage. At the same time, the content of Mg, Mn, Zn and P decreased while K, Na and Fe accumulated in the spores. The activities of total and serine proteases, alkaline phosphatase, NADH dehydrogenase and aldolase increased in the extract of initiated spores. The content of glutamate decreased in the free amino acid pool as early as by the 30th second of the initiation stage.
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PMID:[Amino acid and mineral element content and the activity of various enzymes in germinating spores of Bacillus thuringiensis]. 389 44

The reproducibility of the studied biochemical methods was determined by means of the criterion of dispersion of the results approaching the average arithmetic value--the coefficient of variance 'V'. A total of thirty analyses per series were made of one and the same sample, under one and the same conditions, by one and the same laboratory assistant. The blood plasma of cows was studied spectro-photometrically with regard to the levels of urea, total protein, sialic acids inorganic phosphorus, carotene, cholesterin, alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, GOT, GPT, and whole blood (for blood sugar). Complexonometrically, blood plasma was studied for total calcium and magnesium. Flame-photometrically, blood plasma was studied for the content of potassium and sodium; these elements were also followed up in erythrocytes and urine of cows as well as in semen of boars. Employed were methods that were routinely used within the system of the Research and Productional Veterinary Union as suggested by Tsvetkov et al. in their Manual of Methodical Guidance. The values of the coefficient of variance for the variance series of each index were compared to the admissible boundary of V (AB-V) as calculated by Tonks' method. Stated are the sources of mistakes for each of the methods tested, and possibilities are sought to optimize the values of V through eliminating accidental errors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Reproducibility of spectrophotometric and flame photometric methods]. 409 Feb 65

Rat liver microsomal fractions have been equilibrated in various types of linear density gradients. 15 fractions were collected and assayed for 27 constituents. As a result of this analysis microsomal constituents have been classified, in the order of increasing median density, into four groups labeled a, b, c, and d. Group a includes: monoamine oxidase, galactosyltransferase, 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol; group b: NADH cytochrome c reductase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, cytochrome b(5), and cytochrome P 450; group c: glucose 6-phosphatase, nucleoside diphosphatase, esterase, beta-glucuronidase, and glucuronyltransferase; group d: RNA, membrane-bound ribosomes, and some enzymes probably adsorbed on ribosomes: fumarase, aldolase, and glutamine synthetase. Analysis of the microsomal fraction by differential centrifugation in density gradient has further dissociated group a into constituents which sediment more slowly (monoamine oxidase and galactosyltransferase) than those of groups b and c, and 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase, and the bulk of cholesterol which sediment more rapidly (group a2). The microsomal monoamine oxidase is attributed, at least partially, to detached fragments of external mitochondrial membrane. Galactosyltransferase belongs to the Golgi complex. Group a2 constituents are related to plasma membranes. Constituents of groups b and c and RNA belong to microsomal vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. These latter exhibit a noticeable biochemical heterogeneity and represent at the most 80% of microsomal protein, the rest being accounted for by particles bearing the constituents of groups a and some contaminating mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Attention is called to the operational meaning of microsomal subfractions and to their cytological complexity.
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PMID:Analytical study of microsomes and isolated subcellular membranes from rat liver. 3. Subfractionation of the microsomal fraction by isopycnic and differential centrifugation in density gradients. 415 Apr 90

The activities of individual enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway from mevalonate kinase to squalene synthetase in homogenates of seeds germinated up to 32h were assayed. Changes in the activity of each enzyme were observed and compared with the activity at the 2h germination stage. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase were similarly measured to provide a reference for changes in the general metabolic activity of seeds during imbibition of water. Water uptake reached a plateau after 12h. The reference enzymes almost doubled in activity between 2 and 8h and thereafter their activities steadily declined. All of the enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway increased in activity between 2 and 6h and, thereafter, with the exception of the prenyltransferase, their activities remained relatively constant. With the prenyltransferase activity the initial increase was followed by a short plateau between 6 and 9h and then a second increase to a maximum between 14 and 16h. After 16h the activity declined. The relative activities of the isoprenoid enzymes at 16h of germination were mevalonate kinase>phosphomevalonate kinase>pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase approximately isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase>squalene synthetase>isopentenyl pyrophosphate/dimethylallyl pyrophosphate prenyltransferase. The finding that the prenyltransferase may be the rate-limiting enzyme in squalene synthesis from mevalonate is discussed in relation to regulation of isoprenoid synthesis during pea-seed germination.
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PMID:Development of the activities of enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway during early stages of pea-seed germination. 434 63

A comparison of preoperative serum tumor markers (lactate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, leucine aminopeptidase, cholinesterase, erythrocyte sedimentation reaction, carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, and beta 2-microglobulin) was made in 76 patients with ovarian or uterine cancer. Sixty-six patients with benign ovarian tumor served as control subjects. From analysis of each tumor marker the greatest positive results were obtained with the markers beta 2-microglobulin (57.1%), lactate dehydrogenase (53.1%), and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (46.2%) for patients with carcinoma of the ovary. The use of these marker combinations in all ovarian cancer patients resulted in a marked increase of the positive rate from 57.1 to 85.2%. In stage I cases, the positive rate increased from 40.6 to 63.6%.
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PMID:Significance of serum tumor markers in patients with carcinoma of the ovary. 619 5

The activity of endocellular enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, protease, glucose dehydrogenase, aldolase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase) was studied in isolated prospores and sporangia as well as in vegetative cells of Bacillus thuringiensis strains, one of which produced crystals and one did not. The activity of malate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase was high in prospores of the both strains at the fifth and sixth stages of spore formation. The strain which did not produce crystals differed from the parent strain by a higher aldolase activity at all of the growth stages and by an abrupt increase in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes in sporangia (in the cytoplasm of the parent cells).
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PMID:[Activity of intracellular enzymes in Bacillus thuringiensis prospores and sporangia]. 634 86

After twenty weeks of continuous dosing with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae substantial, but declining, numbers of worms had persisted in most of the lambs examined, although there were wide inter-individual variations. Mucosal lesions were found in the proximal small intestines of all the infected animals, their severity being directly related to worm burden. Representative brush border enzyme activities analysed in intestinal mucosal extracts from the same lambs showed differing responses. Alkaline phosphatase and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were significantly depleted, whereas maltase activity was only marginally reduced, and leucine aminopeptidase activity was normal. Mucosal acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly elevated in the parasitised animals and, interestingly in view of the postulated role of this enzyme in nematode pathogenicity, the level of activity was directly correlated with individual worm burdens. Intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were unaffected and the level of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme associated with the inflammatory response, was normal. There were also no consistent changes in the mucosal activities of several enzymes including lactic dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, aldolase, and glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, whose leakage from damaged or necrotic tissues has been well defined in terms of the concomitant increase in their activity in the circulation. Lambs treated orally with fenbendazole five and/or ten weeks before slaughter either in the presence or absence of continued larval intake, had negligible worm burdens, and showed little evidence of intestinal damage at post mortem. Brush border enzyme levels, with the exception of alkaline phosphatase and, in two cases dipeptidase, were normal in these animals. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was approximately double that in the continuously infected, untreated lambs, but remained markedly lower than in the uninfected controls. The activities of the other enzymes studied, including acetylcholinesterase, were within the control range. In summary, in chronic trichostrongylosis even relatively low nematode burdens were associated with marked pathological and biochemical damage in the intestine with both lesion severity and mucosal acetylcholinesterase activity being directly related to worm numbers. Although morphological integrity was completely restored after anthelmintic treatment, the persistent low activity of brush border alkaline phosphatase coupled with the enzymological findings in untreated, infected animals suggests that recovery of the full functional capability of the intestinal mucosa may take longer.
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PMID:Intestinal enzyme activity in lambs chronically infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: effect of anthelmintic treatment. 634 11

Subacute experiments were made to examine the effect of the grain contaminated with Fusarium sporotrichiella on the activity of organelle-specific enzymes of the liver, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and blood serum of rats (beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-galactosidase, arylsulfatases A and B, succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, ketoso-1-phosphate aldolase) and on the protein content. The feeding of the grain provoked an early appearance of the symptoms of intoxication and a change in the activity of organelle-specific enzymes manifesting in the activation of lysosomal hydrolases in the thymus, bone marrow and spleen and in a decrease in the blood serum activity of the most enzymes investigated.
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PMID:[Enzyme characteristics of food poisoning caused by grain contaminated with Fusarium sporotrichiella]. 642 31

A diploid epithelial cell line (termed WB-F344) was isolated from the liver of an adult male Fischer-344 rat and the phenotypic characteristics of the cells were studied. These cells measure approximately two-fifths the volume of freshly isolated hepatocytes. They are histochemically negative for glucose-6-phosphatase and weakly positive for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. They produce extensive intercellular reticulin fibers which stain immunocytochemically for fibronectin, and they synthesize both alpha-fetoprotein and albumin, but they do not accumulate glycogen particles. Ultrastructurally, they are polygonal cells with numerous intercellular desmosomes and nexus junctions, and they are partially surrounded by basement membrane-like material. Cytoplasmic organelles include few, but sometimes dilated profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, abundant free ribosomes, sparse smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, microbodies, and small, pleomorphic mitochondria. They express A and C isozymes of aldolase, K isozyme of pyruvate kinase, LDH2 to LDH5 isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase, and 'fetal liver'-type alkaline phosphatase isozyme. When compared with the phenotypes of isolated and purified normal hepatocytes, biliary epithelial (ductular) cells and 'oval' cells isolated from livers treated with chemical carcinogens, the phenotypic properties of the liver epithelial cell line in culture most resemble those of the 'oval' cells.
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PMID:A diploid epithelial cell line from normal adult rat liver with phenotypic properties of 'oval' cells. 646 34

Investigations were carried out with a total of 276 high-producing and clinically healthy cows that had freshly calved on 11 farms, being divided into groups according to the extent to which ketonuria was present if al all. Whole blood and blood serum were sampled to determine the ketone bodies, blood sugar, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin, inorganic phosphorus, Ca, Mg, total protein, carotene, and activity of the GOT and GPT enzymes as well as the activity of lactic acid dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, and leucine aminopeptidase. Studied were the body temperature, the pulse rate, and the respiration rate. It was found that on farms with ketosis in cows ketonuria was manifested most often after the ketone bodies in the blood rose to 10-12 mg%. At the same time the blood sugar level was lowered and as a rule it showed reverse correlation with the levels of ketonemia and ketonuria. In such cows there was a lowering trend with the Ca and carotene contents and the erythrocyte count, and the respiration rate was higher. There were no changes in the body temperature, pulse rate, leukocyte count, Ca, Mg, hemoglobin, protein, and the activity of aldolase. The activity of the other enzymes mentioned was higher, and it correlated positively with the rise of ketonemia and ketonuria. With diseased cows the activity of alkaline phosphatase only was shown to be lower, negatively correlating with ketonuria.
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PMID:[Changes in the serum enzymes and clinical and clinico-biochemical indices of cows with subclinical ketosis]. 653 57


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