Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
 3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In rats, starting from a month or three-months age, stayed for 2 months on a diet with 54 per cent of saccharose in the saliva the activity of hexokinase, aldolase, malate-dehydrogenase, sorbitol-dehydrogenase, glutamate-dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and the content of lactate, pyruvate and glucose were determined. In the activity of significant differences of enzymes and carbohydrate metabolites in the saliva of three- and five-months old rats were not disclosed. Keeping of the one-month rats for 2 months on the saccharose diet increased the activity of enzymes (except for malate-dehydrogenase) and raised the amount of lactate and pyruvate. In five-month rats receiving the saccharose ration starting from three-month age a tendency towars a rising activity of hexoninase and to a falling malate-dehidrogenase activity were noted. The activity of other enzymes and the lactate level remained unchageed. In young rats given a saccharose diet the presence of an enzymatic shift toward intensification of the anaerobic glycolysis was confirmed by change in the isofermentative spectrum of the lactate-dehydrogenase accompanied by a drop of the total amount of aerobic isoenzymes LDG1, LDG2 and also by an excess accumulation of pyruvate and lactate.
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PMID:[Effect of a saccharose diet on the enzymatic activity and the metabolite content from carbohydrate metabolism in the saliva of rats of varying age]. 43 32

Studies on the isolated rat liver showed distinct interaction of chlorpromazine, diazepam and imipramine with ethanol. Injected intraperitoneally in doses of 20 mg/kg, these drugs distinctly influenced elimination of ethanol, although not as strongly as pyrazole in vitro in the concentration of 20 mg/100 ml. On the other hand, ethanol altered the effect of these substances on the glucose curve, lactate and pyruvate levels, and activities of glutamic pyruvic and oxalacetic transaminases and aldolase.
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PMID:Influence of chlorpromazine, diazepam, imipramine and pyrazole on ethanol-induced changes in activity of some enzymes in isolated rat liver. 47 57

To determine the effect of chronic alcohol ingestion, rats were given 15 or 25% v/v of alcohol in water for a period of 6 months. The activities of some key enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose, mitochondrial respiratory rates, and efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation were studied in the hearts of alcohol-treated and untreated rats. In the group receiving 15% alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) was elevated. In rats given 25% alcohol, activities of G-6-PDH, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were elevated but isocitrate dehydrogenase was reduced. Mitochondrial respiratory rates and the efficiency of phosphorylation were depressed in rats given 25% of alcohol. Except for mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, all biochemical parameters studied were within normal limits a month after alcohol was discontinued.
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PMID:The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on myocardial glucose and energy metabolism. 56 91

Twelve enzymes related to the direct oxidative and glycolytic pathways of glucose metabolism were assayed in 88 cancers of the cervix and 48 cancers of the endometrium of the human uterus, and the activities compared with those obtained from a group of control tissues. Significant increases for all but one of the enzymes studied (alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase) were found in cancer of the cervix, when compared with normal cervix epithelium. Hexokinase, phoshofructokinase, and aldolase appear to be rate-limiting in normal cervix epithelium; however, since the increase in activity of the first two in cancers was least of all the glycolytic enzymes, redundant enzyme synthesis probably occurs in the malignant cell for the enzymes catalysing reversible reactions. There was virtually no correlation between the activity of any enzyme measured in the cancer sample and histological assessments of the degree of malignancy of the tumour, or the clinical stage of the disease. All enzymes except pyruvate kinase had significantly higher activity in normal endometrium than in normal cervix epithelium, presumably reflecting the greater metabolic requirements of the former tissue. Only phosphoglucose isomerase and pyruvate kinase were significantly higher in endometrial cancer than in normal endometrium, and there were few significant differences between cancers of the cervix and of the endometrium, despite the marked differences in their tissues of origin. These results suggest the changes occur during malignant transformation to the activities of both regulatory enzymes and those catalysing reversible reactions, in a manner justifying the conclusion that the general metabolism of tumours is convergent.
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PMID:Enzymes of glucose metabolism in carcinoma of the cervix and endometrium of the human uterus. 67 39

The effect of perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion (25 w/v per cent of PFC concentration) on carbon monoxide poisoning was studied in rats exposed to 97 per cent O2 and three per cent CO. There was no significant difference in conversion rate of hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) between PFC emulsion and saline groups. However, after re-exposure to pure oxygen, PFC emulsion group circulation reconverted to oxyhemoglobin (OXYHb) at a significantly faster rate than circulation in the control group. Survival time of rats was considerably affected by infusion of PFC emulsion and prolonged in proportion to increased injection dosage. Significant elevations in plasma glucose, lactate and aldolase levels and lactate/pyruvate ratio were found in the saline group and these levels remained well within normal range in the PFC emulsion group. These results indicate that PFC emulsion can function as an oxygen carrier in the presence of carbon monoxide and can deliver sufficient oxygen to peripheral tissues.
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PMID:Effect of perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion on acute carbon monoxide poisoning in rats. 73 57

Seven enzymes of the Embden-Myerhof pathway of glycolysis were assayed in hypotonically treated epididymal sperm from mature rabbits. These were: fructose-biphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. These enzymes were firmly enough bound to the cell structure to resist removal by washing after hypotonic treatment and had maximal activities comparable to, or greater than, the rate of mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation, so that rapid oxygen uptake was observed with intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in a typical preparation of hypotonically treated cells was 5.3 mumoles/minute x 10(9) cells at 25 degrees C for pyruvate reduction in the hypotonically treated cells and 4.8 mumoles/minute x 10(9) cells in the thrice-washed hypotonically treated cells. The Km for pyruvate was 1.4 mM while that for lactate was 4.4 mM. By contrast, the maximal activity of pyruvate oxidation by mitochondria was 0.10 microgram atom of oxygen/minute x 10(9) cells, corresponding to 0.020 mumole of pyruvate/minute x 10(9) cells, and the Km for pyruvate was 5 microM. These enzyme parameters favor high lactate production from glucose in aerobic glycolysis.
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PMID:Energy metabolism of spermatozoa. V. The Embden-Myerhof pathway of glycolysis: activities of pathway enzymes in hypotonically treated rabbit epididymal spermatozoa. 80 42

Detailed histochemical studies have been conducted on the distribution of hexokinase, amylophosphorylase, aldolase, lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in every component of the locus ceruleus, nucleus tractus mesencephalicus n. trigemini, nucleus dorsalis n. vagi and nucleus n. hypoglossi of the wistar strain rats. The locus ceruleus and nucleus dorsalis n. vagi which are considered to be belong to "exceptional nuclei" showed mild activity in the nerve cell bodies and strong activity in the surrounding glia cell for the hexokinase reaction. But, the nucleus tractus mesencephalicus n. trigemini and nucleus n. hypoglossi considered to be "usual nuclei" revealed strong activity in the nerve cell bodies and glia cells for the hexokinase reaction, however, glia cells did not show the tendency to surround the nerve cells in these nuclei. On the basis of the present findings, the glia cells may get their energy source from glucose in the circulating blood, and they may be energy donators to the nerve cells in the "exceptional nuclei" whereas the nerve cells may get their energy source directly from glucose in the circulating blood in the "usual nuclei". The former 2 nuclei showed low level activity of succinic dehydrogenase. These findings may indicate that the locus ceruleus and nucleus dorsalis n. vagi belong to the conception "exceptional nuclei" in this respect. However, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway was dominant in the locus ceruleus, while the WARBURG-DICKENS pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt = HMP shunt) was dominant in the nucleus dorsalis n. vagi in the present study. This descrepancy may strongly suggest that the locus ceruleus is distinctly different from the nucleus dorsalis n. vagi concerning the carbohydrate metabolism, though both nuclei are involved on the same conception "exceptional nuclei". The latter 2 nuclei (the nucleus tractus mesencephalicus n. trigemini and the nucleus n. hypoglossi) considered to be "usual nuclei" in 3 ways as that nerve cells get energy source directly from glucose in the circulating blood, that the 2 nuclei are equipped with enzymes involved in the EMP pathway and the HMP shunt to the same degree, and that they are rich in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The nucleus tractus mesencephalicus n. trigemini revealed considerably variable reactions for the hexokinase, aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase in the present study.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on the distribution of some enzymes concerned with carbohydrate metabolism in the locus ceruleus, nucleus tractus mesencephalicus n. trigemini, nucleus dorsalis n. vagi and nucleus n. hypoglossi of the rat. 80 76

Adrenaline was given intramuscularly to resting horses. It increased heart rate, sweating, blood levels of lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, creatine kinase, glucose, lactate, free fatty acids and glycerol. Responses to isoprenaline, to noradenaline and to adrenaline after pretreatment with propranolol indicated that beta receptors were involved in stimulation of tachycardia, sweating, lipolysis and muscle glycogenolysis, and alpha receptors in stimulation of liver glycogenolysis and leakage of intracellular enzymes. The time course and relative magnitude of the effects on different enzymes was not identical to that produced by exercise.
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PMID:Biochemical and physiological effects of catecholamine administration in the horse. 87 31

Enzymes essential to the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, the Entner-Duodoroff pathway and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway were present in Thiobacillus A2 grown on glucose and other sugars. Radiorespirometry under various conditions with Thiobacillus A2 oxidising glucose specifically labelled with 14C in carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, 3 + 4, 6 or universally labelled demonstrated the simultaneous operation of the Embden-Meyerhof (48%), Entner-Doudoroff (28%), and pentose phosphate (24%) pathways in release of carbon dioxide from glucose. Growth on succinate, or autotrophically on formate or thiosulphate resulted in repression of most enzymes of the pathways, but high aldolase levels were retained indicating its role in gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle. Different fructose diphosphatase activities were found in succinate- and thiosulphate-grown organisms. The results indicate that all three major catabolic pathways for glucose function in Thiobacillus A2 grown on sugars. Thiobacillus acidophilus showed a different radiorespirometric pattern and apparently used the Entner-Duodoroff (64.5%) and pentose phosphate (35.5%) pathways, but showed unusually high release of carbon atom 6, as was also found for T. ferrooxidans.
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PMID:Simultaneous operation of three catabolic pathways in the metabolism of glucose by Thiobacillus A2. 87 64

Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Chromatium minutissimum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina were grown in the dark under anaerobic conditions on media containing glucose or fructose and organic acids. Their cell contained the following enzymes of the fructose diphosphate pathway: phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase. The activity of fructose diphosphate aldolase was higher in the cells grown in the dark than in the cells grown in the light. The same enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were found in the cells cultivated in the dark on media containing organic acids as in the cells grown in the light, though the activity of some enzymes was lower. Only the activity of isocitrate lyase increased in the cells cultivated in the dark on a medium containing acetate.
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PMID:[Carbohydrate metabolism enzymes of purple sulfur-bacteria during growth in the dark]. 88 7


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