Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have cloned two gene (aldo-1 and aldo-2) encoding the glycolytic enzyme aldolase of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. The amino acid sequence of one gene product, ALDO-1, is virtually identical to P. falciparum aldolase whereas ALDO-2, the second gene product, is different and has 13% sequence diversity to ALDO-1. We expressed ALDO-2 as an active enzyme in Escherichia coli and compared the biochemical and kinetic properties to that of P. falciparum recombinant aldolase (ALDO-1 type). Based on the Km and Vmax constants for FMP and FBP, neither ALDO-1 nor ALDO-2 can be clearly assigned to any of the known mammalian isoenzyme classes. We demonstrate that expression of the two isoenzymes is developmentally regulated: specific antibody probes detect ALDO-1 in sporozoite stages of P. berghei and ALDO-2 is found in blood stage parasites.
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PMID:Stage-specific expression of aldolase isoenzymes in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. 162 4

The complete amino acid sequence of FBP aldolase from Drosophila melanogaster has been determined. The enzyme contains four identical subunits of 360 amino acid residues. The primary structure of the monomer was established using automated Edman degradation on fragments prepared by CNBr-cleavage, by partial acid cleavage at the unique Asp-Pro bond and by oxidative cleavage at the three tryptophan residues. Manual Edman-Chang degradation was used on smaller peptides obtained by digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, trypsin or chymotrypsin. The primary structure of Drosophila aldolase exhibits very extensive homology with the sequence of rabbit muscle aldolase (71% identity), thus explaining the early observation that Drosophila and mammalian aldolases form active interspecies hybrid quaternary structures (Brenner-Holzach, O. and Leuthardt, F., Eur. J. Biochem. (1972) 31, 423-426).
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PMID:Amino acid sequence of an invertebrate FBP aldolase (from Drosophila melanogaster). 391 28

The nature of the association of the glycolytic enzyme, aldolase, with mature bovine spermatozoa was investigated in comparison with bovine muscle aldolase. Bovine muscle aldolase (BMA) was optimally solubilized by 0.1% deoxycholate and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel-filtration chromatography and phosphocellulose affinity chromatography. Bovine sperm aldolase (BSpA) was solubilized with optimal specific activity by 0.1% Triton X-100 and 50 mM sodium phosphate. Soluble BSpA represented 10% of the total aldolase activity in bovine spermatozoa. It could not be purified from other sperm components by standard procedures. The association of BSpA with sperm components involved noncovalent, ionic and hydrophobic interactions and did not involve disulfide bonds or covalent bonds. The stability of the BSpA association with intracellular substructure implies that very specific multiple-ligand bonding is involved. The Km for fructose-1-phosphate (1.7 X 10(-1) M) was higher and the activity with fructose-1,6-biphosphate relative to fructose-1-phosphate (Vmax FBP/Vmax F-1-P = 0.038) was much lower than for either liver or muscle aldolase. Kinetic analysis and subcellular associations indicated that sperm aldolase is different from other isozymes of aldolase.
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PMID:Association of bovine sperm aldolase with sperm subcellular components. 646 57

The state of post-translational modification of the class-II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBP-aldolase) purified from Escherichia coli was examined by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The mass was larger than that expected from the known DNA sequence by approximately 80 +/- 6 Da, suggesting the presence of a covalent modification on the protein. Phosphorylation (+ 80 Da), a known modification in an FBP-aldolase from Bacillus subtilis and a suspected modification in this E. coli aldolase, was ruled out as the extra mass was readily removed by treatment with dithiothreitol. Purification of aldolase by a protocol which omitted 2-mercaptoethanol from all buffers resulted in the purified protein having the expected mass (39016 Da). The extra mass was therefore established as a covalent adduct of the protein with 2-mercaptoethanol (+ 76 Da). Reduction and alkylation studies, followed by isolation of tryptic peptides, established that the site of attachment was Cys36. Although no significant effect of the modification on the activity of the protein was observed, the study underlines the ease with which a protein can be modified covalently by a simple and mild purification procedure; such labelling, which may not always be benign, would be undetectable without the routine use of mass spectrometric analysis.
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PMID:A reactive, surface cysteine residue of the class-II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli revealed by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. 785 30

The cytosolic isozymes of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPasec) and aldolase (ALDc) from germinating castor oil seed endosperm (COS) (Ricinus communis L.; cv Hale) were purified to homogeneity and final specific activities 49 and 2.8 (mumol product produced/min)/mg protein, respectively. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the final FBPasec preparation resolved a single protein-staining band which comigrated with FBPase activity. Two protein-staining bands of 41 and 39 kDa that occurred in an approximate 1:1 ratio were observed following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the final FBPasec preparation. Rabbit anti-(FBPasec) immune serum immunoprecipitated the activities of FBPasec, but not that of the plastidic isozyme of FBPase from germinated COS. Immunoblot analysis utilizing affinity purified anti-(COS FBPasec) immunoglobulin G established that the 39-kDa subunit of FBP-asec did not arise via proteolytic cleavage of the 41-kDa subunit during tissue extraction and enzyme purification. However, FBPasec was susceptible to degradation by endogenous protease(s) during incubation of an acidic (pH 5.9) clarified COS extract at 25 degrees C. This proteolysis caused the production of a 32-kDa antigenic polypeptide and resulted in FBPase inactivation. Gel filtration indicated that purified FBPasec exists in at least 8 different oligomeric forms ranging in size from > 2 million to < 34 kDa. The majority of FBPasec, however, eluted as a 143-kDa heterotetramer. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the final ALDc preparation yielded a single 40-kDa protein-staining polypeptide that cross-reacted with anti-(carrot ALDc) IgG. FBPasec copurified with ALDc through polyethylene glycol fractionation, Q-Sepharose, and phosphocellulose chromatographies, and the intensity of the fluorescence emission spectrum of ALDc was greatly reduced in the presence of COS FBPasec, but not rabbit muscle FBPase. These findings suggest that these two metabolically sequential enzymes might specifically interact in the cytosol of the highly gluconeogenic germinating COS. Our results also demonstrate that endogenous nonspecific acid phosphatase activity can interfere with the spectrophotometric assay for FBPase and can thus result in overestimations of FBPase activity in impure plant extracts.
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PMID:Copurification of cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and cytosolic aldolase from endosperm of germinating castor oil seeds. 803 44

Treatment of the Class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli with the arginine-specific alpha-dicarbonyl reagents, butanedione or phenylglyoxal, results in inactivation of the enzyme. The enzyme is protected from inactivation by the substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, or by inorganic phosphate. Modification with [7-14C] phenylglyoxal in the absence of substrate demonstrates that enzyme activity is abolished by the incorporation of approximately 2 moles of reagent per mole of enzyme. Sequence alignment of the eight known Class II FBP-aldolases shows that only one arginine residue is conserved in all the known sequences. This residue, Arg-331, was mutated to either alanine or glutamic acid. The mutant enzymes were much less susceptible to inactivation by phenylglyoxal. Measurement of the steady-state kinetic parameters revealed that mutation of Arg-331 dramatically increased the K(m) for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Comparatively small differences in the inhibitor constant Ki for dihydroxyacetone phosphate or its analogue, 2-phosphoglycolate, were found between the wild-type and mutant enzymes. In contrast, the mutation caused large changes in the kinetic parameters when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was used as an inhibitor. Kinetic analysis of the oxidation of the carbanionic aldolase-substrate intermediate of the reaction by hexacyanoferrate (III) revealed that the K(m) for dihydroxyacetone phosphate was again unaffected, whereas that for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was dramatically increased. Taken together, these results show that Arg-331 is critically involved in the binding of fructose bisphosphate by the enzyme and demonstrate that it interacts with the C-6 phosphate group of the substrate.
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PMID:Identification of arginine 331 as an important active site residue in the class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli. 877 Dec 8

The gene encoding the Escherichia coli Class I fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBP aldolase) has been cloned and the protein overproduced in high amounts. This gene sequence has previously been identified as encoding an E. coli dehydrin in the GenBanktrade mark database [gene dhnA; entry code U73760; Close and Choi (1996) Submission to GenBanktrade mark]. However, the purified protein overproduced from the dhnA gene shares all its properties with those known for the E. coli Class I FBP aldolase. The protein is an 8-10-mer with a native molecular mass of approx. 340 kDa, each subunit consisting of 349 amino acids. The Class I enzyme shows low sequence identity with other known FBP aldolases, both Class I and Class II (in the order of 20%), which may be reflected by some novel properties of this FBP aldolase. The active-site peptide has been isolated and the Schiff-base-forming lysine residue (Lys236) has been identified by a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, kinetics and electrospray-ionization MS. A second lysine residue (Lys238) has been implicated in substrate binding. The cloning of this gene and the high levels of overexpression obtained will facilitate future structure-function studies.
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PMID:The dhnA gene of Escherichia coli encodes a class I fructose bisphosphate aldolase. 953 82

Two fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases from the acido- and thermophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria were purified to apparent homogeneity and N-terminally microsequenced. Both aldolases had similar biochemical properties such as Km (FBP) (5.6-5.8 microM) and molecular masses of the native enzymes (165kDa) as determined by size exclusion chromatography. The subunit size of the purified aldolases, as determined by SDS-PAGE, was 42kDa for both aldolases. The isoenzymes were not inhibited by EDTA or affected by cysteine or potassium ions, implying that they belong to the class I group of aldolases, while other red algae are known to have one class I and one class II aldolase inhibited by EDTA. cDNA clones of the cytosolic and plastidic aldolases were isolated and sequenced. The gene for the cytosolic isoenzyme contained a 303bp untranslated leader sequence, while the gene for the plastidic isoenzyme exhibited a transit sequence of 56 amino-acid residues. Both isoenzymes showed about 48% homology in the deduced amino-acid sequences. A gene tree relates both aldolases to the basis of early eukaryotic class I aldolases. The phylogenetic relationship to other aldolases, particularly to cyanobacterial class II aldolases, is discussed.
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PMID:Characterization, cloning, and evolutionary history of the chloroplast and cytosolic class I aldolases of the red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. 1019 68

Four genes, cbbO, cbbY, cbbA, and the pyruvate kinase gene (pyk), were found downstream of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) genes, cbbLS, from a thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus (formerly Pseudomonas hydrogenothermophila). cbbO was similar to norD in the denitrification gene cluster, and cbbY was similar to cbbY from other autotrophic bacteria. cbbA encoded fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBP aldolase); however, CbbA was little similar to other CbbA proteins. When CbbA was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, overproduction of CbbA was detected by SDS-PAGE. However, the cell extract had slightly higher activity than a cell extract of E. coli without cbbA. Phylogenetic analysis showed class II FBP aldolase divided into classes IIA and IIB, and that CbbA from H. thermoluteolus was in class IIA. Activities of RubisCO and FBP aldolase were examined under autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions. The activities of the two enzymes were regulated independently.
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PMID:Structure of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene cluster from a thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus, and phylogeny of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase encoded by cbbA in the cluster. 1070 49

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from the thermophilic eubacteria, Thermus aquaticus YT-1, was cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide-sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame coding for a 33-kDa protein of 305 amino acids having amino acid sequence typical of thermophilic adaptation. Multiple sequence alignment classifies the enzyme as a class II B aldolase that shares similarity with aldolases from other extremophiles: Thermotoga maritima, Aquifex aeolicus, and Helicobacter pylori (49--54% identity, 76--81% homology). Taq FBP aldolase was overexpressed under tac promoter control in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity using heat treatment followed by two chromatographic steps. Yields of 40--50 mg of monodisperse protein were obtained per liter of culture. The quaternary structure is that of a homotetramer stabilized by an apparent 21-amino-acid insertion sequence. The recombinant protein is thermostable for at least 45 min at 80 degrees C with little residual activity below 60 degrees C. Kinetic characterization at 70 degrees C, the optimal growth temperature for T. aquaticus, indicates extreme negative subunit cooperativity (h = 0.32) with a limiting K(m) of 305 microM. The maximal specific activity (V(max)) is 46 U/mg at 70 degrees C.
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PMID:Molecular cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Thermus aquaticus. 1123 91


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