Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cells of the aerotolerant anaerobe Giardia lamblia respire in the presence of oxygen. Endogenous respiration is stimulated by glucose but not by other carbohydrates and Krebs cycle intermediates. Endogenous and glucose-stimulated respiration are insensitive to cyanide, malonate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, but are inhibited by atabrin and iodoacetamide. G. lamblia produces ethanol, acetate and CO2 both aerobically and anaerobically either from endogenous reserves or exogenous glucose. Molecular hydrogen is not produced. The following enzyme activities were detected in homogenates: hexokinase, fructose-biphosphate aldolase, pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), pyruvate synthase, acetyl-CoA synthetase, alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+), NADH dehydrogenase, NADPH dehydrogenase, NADPH oxidoreductase and superoxide dismutase. The enzymes of energy and carbohydrate metabolism are nonsedimentable (109 000 x g for 30 min). Activities of lactate dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, phosphate acetyltransferase, acetate kinase, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase and catalase were below the limits of detection. The results suggest the occurrence of glycolysis, energy production by substrate level phosphorylation and a flavin, iron-sulfur protein mediated electron transport system as well as the absence of cytochrome mediated oxidative phosphorylation and functional Krebs cycle.
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PMID:Energy metabolism of the anaerobic protozoon Giardia lamblia. 610 7

Successful invasion of mammalian cells by pathogenic parasites is generally considered, from circumstantial evidence, to be a consequence of specific mechanisms of recognition of cell surface components--this has stimulated investigations of the biochemical characterization of such molecules. Several studied of trypanosomiasis have examined the ability of parasites to interact with mammalian cells. However, knowledge of the mammalian cell surface 'receptors' which interact with the parasite is limited. We now report that fibronectin, which is a high molecular weight glycoprotein present in blood, connective tissue and at cell surfaces, binds specifically to Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. The reaction is specific, reversible (in the presence of a 100-fold molar excess of unlabelled ligand) and of moderate affinity (Kd = 11.36 nM). Various other proteins (for example, thyroglobulin, ferritin, catalase, aldolase, human IgG and bovine serum albumin) had no significant effect on the binding of labelled ligand to the parasite surface. Addition of anti-fibronectin antibodies to the culture medium significantly inhibited the infection of rat fibroblasts (3T3 FR) by T. cruzi trypomastigotes, suggesting that cell surface fibronectin may act as a recognition site for attachment of the parasites.
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PMID:Fibronectin receptors on Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and their biological function. 632 89

The energy metabolism of the English E-CMO strain of contagious equine metritis bacterium was studied in whole cells and cell extracts. This bacterium appears to have an active Krebs cycle and probably obtains energy by oxidative phosphorylation since glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathways appear to be absent. These conclusions are based on the findings that [U-14C]glucose incorporation by this bacterium is below the level of detection, and that respiration is stimulated by Krebs cycle intermediates (i.e., malate, citrate, and succinate), but not by glucose, fructose, maltose, or sucrose. Furthermore, support comes from the fact that enzymes generally associated with the Krebs cycle and electron transport (i.e., malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase [decarboxylating], cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, NADH dehydrogenase, and catalase) were detected. Those enzymes normally associated with glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathways (i.e., hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose biphosphate aldolase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphate acetyl transferase, acetate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were below the level of detection.
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PMID:Energy metabolism of the contagious equine metritis bacterium. 708 71

CWI mice at the age of 6, 22 and 27 months were subjected to a controlled physical training program for 5 weeks. Changes in specific activity of the enzymes aldolase, superoxide dismutase and catalase of the total hind-leg muscle tissues were followed. During the training period, specific activities of these muscle enzymes exhibited an adaptive increase in the 6 and 22 months groups. In senile (27 months) mice, however, enzyme activities decreased as a consequence of the physical challenge. Total body weight was not altered under these conditions. Immunotitration of extracts with anti-aldolase and anti-creatine kinase antibodies showed no significant differences, indicating that there was no accumulation of disappearance of faulty proteins during aging and physical exercise.
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PMID:Positive and negative adaptation of muscle enzymes in aging mice subjected to physical exercise. 730 Apr 58

Statistically significant charge clusters (basic, acidic, or of mixed charge) in tertiary protein structures are identified by new methods from a large representative collection of protein structures. About 10% of protein structures show at least one charge cluster, mostly of mixed type involving about equally anionic and cationic residues. Positive charge clusters are very rare. Negative (or histidine-acidic) charge clusters often coordinate calcium, or magnesium or zinc ions [e.g., thermolysin (PDB code: 3tln), mannose-binding protein (2msb), aminopeptidase (1amp)]. Mixed-charge clusters are prominent at interchain contacts where they stabilize quaternary protein formation [e.g., glutathione S-transferase (2gst), catalase (8act), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (1fba)]. They are also involved in protein-protein interaction and in substrate binding. For example, the mixed-charge cluster of aspartate carbamoyl-transferase (8atc) envelops the aspartate carbonyl substrate in a flexible manner (alternating tense and relaxed states) where charge associations can vary from weak to strong. Other proteins with charge clusters include the P450 cytochrome family (BM-3, Terp, Cam), several flavocytochromes, neuraminidase, hemagglutinin, the photosynthetic reaction center, and annexin. In each case in Table 2 we discuss the possible role of the charge clusters with respect to protein structure and function.
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PMID:Clusters of charged residues in protein three-dimensional structures. 871 Aug 74

Considerations of the effect of a small cosolute on the sedimentation equilibrium distribution for a noninteracting protein have led to the development of a simple procedure for evaluating both the molecular weight of the protein and the second virial coefficient describing the excluded volume interaction between protein and cosolute. Its application is illustrated by analysis of sedimentation equilibrium distributions for bovine thyroglobulin and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of a range of sucrose concentrations, and also of those for aldolase in the presence of urea to obtain the subunit molecular weight of this tetrameric enzyme. The effects of sucrose concentration on the sedimentation coefficients of thyroglobulin, catalase, and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase are also examined to demonstrate that the second virial coefficients for protein-cosolute excluded volume interaction may be determined, albeit with less precision, from the cosolute concentration required to render the sedimentation coefficient zero by virtue of its effect on the buoyancy term. These findings serve to reinforce the fact that the effects of small cosolutes usually ascribed to changes in "protein solvation" are envisaged more realistically in terms of excluded volume.
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PMID:Thermodynamic analysis of the effects of small inert cosolutes in the ultracentrifugation of noninteracting proteins. 885 55

Whole cell lysates of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Cryptobia salmositica were subjected to subcellular fractionation using differential and isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose. The glycolytic enzymes hexokinase, fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glucosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and the peroxisomal enzyme catalase were associated with a microbody that had a buoyant density in sucrose of 1.21 g cm-3. Lactate dehydrogenase was detected in whole cell lysates, but not in purified organelles. A microbody with a positive reaction for catalase was detected in electron microscope sections of the pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. These catalase-containing microbodies fused with lipid bodies and vacuoles, arose by division from pre-existing microbodies and expelled their contents into the cytoplasm of the cell. Both strains also modified the catalase content in their microbodies. Under aerobic conditions, they metabolized glucose to pyruvate and lactate. We conclude that part of the glycolytic pathway in C. salmositica is compartmentalized in a microbody called the glycosome.
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PMID:Identification of glycosomes and metabolic end products in pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Cryptobia salmositica (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae). 1098 44

A total of four enzymatic steps were combined, in a one-pot reaction, to synthesize carbohydrates starting from glycerol. First, phosphorylation of glycerol by reaction with pyrophosphate in the presence of phytase at pH 4.0 in 95% glycerol afforded racemic glycerol-3-phosphate in 100% yield. The L-enantiomer of the latter underwent selective aerobic oxidation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) at pH 7.5 in the presence of glycerolphosphate oxidase (GPO) and catalase. Subsequently, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzed the aldol reaction of DHAP with butanal. Finally, dephosphorylation of the aldol adduct was mediated by phytase at pH 4 affording 5-deoxy-5-ethyl-D-xylulose in 57% yield from L-glycerol-3-phosphate. The phytase on/off-switch by pH was the key to controlling phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
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PMID:A four-step enzymatic cascade for the one-pot synthesis of non-natural carbohydrates from glycerol. 1103 Oct 13

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a fungal pathogen of humans. To identify antigens from P. brasiliensis we fractionated a crude preparation of proteins from the fungus and detected the IgG reactive proteins by immunoblot assays of yeast cellular extracts with sera of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). We identified and characterized six new antigens by amino acid sequencing and homology search analyses with other proteins deposited in a database. The newly characterized antigens were highly homologous to catalase, fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase (aldolase), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate isomerase from several sources. The characterized antigens presented preferential synthesis in yeast cells, the host fungus phase.
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PMID:Two-dimensional electrophoresis and characterization of antigens from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. 1141 27

Using a test mixture consisting of standard proteins (cytochrome c, chymotrypsinogen A, hen egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, aldolase, catalase and ferritin) and synthetic polypeptides (polylysine, polyaspartic, polyglutamic acid and polyproline) it was revealed that using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as background electrolyte modifier at acid pH (2.5) allows selective separation of highly positively charged polypeptides (polylysine) provided that their relative molecular mass is sufficiently low (3300 Da). The altered elution sequence of standard proteins as compared to a separation done without SDS may help their identification. Addition of Pluronic F127 offers clear-cut separations of standard proteins up to a relative molecular mass of 5 x 10(4) Da and allows to reveal protein/polypeptide microheterogeneity where applicable. None of the systems tested is suitable for the separation of acidic polypeptides and polyproline.
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PMID:The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Pluronic F127 on the electrophoretic separation of protein and polypeptide test mixtures at acid pH. 1211 32


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