Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of leucylaminopeptidase (LAP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), aspartyl aminopeptidase (ANA), oxytocinase (CAP), aldolase (ALD), phosphohexoisomerase (PHI), and phosphofructokinase (PFK) were studied in cells of the amniotic fluid of pregnancies terminated prematurely, at term, and postmaturely. LAP, GGTP, CAP, and ALD were significantly elevated in cases of premature delivery compared with those delivered at term. These differences in enzyme levels can help in determining the state of maturity of the fetus.
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PMID:Activities of some peptidases and glycolytic enzymes in cells of the amniotic fluid. i. Pregnancies terminated prematurely, at term, and postmaturely. 1 7

Fructose 6-sulfate was synthesized by direct sulfurylation of fructose and was isolated by two selective steps: (a) conversion of the 6-sulfuryl ester to fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate with phosphofructokinase; (b) conversion of fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate to fructose 6-sulfate by fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. Utilizing crystalline sheep heart phosphofructokinase, kinetic studies with the alternative substrate were carried out at pH 8.2 which is optimal for nonallosteric kinetics. The data are consistent with an ordered addition of the two substrates with the first, MgATP, being at thermodynamic equilibrium. The Vmax and Km obtained with fructose 6-sulfate were 0.03- and 100-fold, respectively, that obtained with the natural substrate. The study suggests that the divalent phosphoryl moiety is intimately involved in the active site conformation. Identification of the product of the reaction, fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate, was confirmed through studies with aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and by 31P NMR. The utilization of fructose 6-sulfate as a substrate by yeast glucose-6-phosphate isomerase could not be demonstrated.
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PMID:Studies on heart phosphofructokinase. Use of fructose 6-sulfate as an alternative substrate to study the mechanism of action and active site specificity. 13 39

Administration of 60,000 i.e. of vitamin A into rats within three weeks caused an increase in amount of reticulocytes, in the rate of glucose utilization and in formation of lactic acid by erythrocytes. The activity of glycolytic enzymes was intensified. The activity of hexokinase was increased by 84.6%, activities of aldolase and phosphohexoisomerase were increased by 34%. But in the erythrocytes content of AMP, ADP and ATP was unaltered, probably due to activation of total and Na+, K+-dependent ATPase. The harmful effect of an excess of the vitamin A was manifested in an increased content of Na+ in erythrocytes and also in decreased stability of the cells to acid hemolytics.
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PMID:[Intensity of glycolysis and energy metabolism in erythrocytes in experimental hypervitaminosis A]. 13 57

Adipose tissue and liver from vitamin B6-deficient rats have an increased lipogenic capacity. Whether this phenomenon is accompanied by changes in the activities of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid, or by altered transport of glucose into adipocytes, has been studied. Five glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase), two pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), malic enzyme, and ATP citrate lyase were measured in the epididymal adipose tissue, livers and kidneys of vitamin B6-deficient and control rats. Vitamin B6 deficiency did not significantly affect the glycolytic enzyme levels in the tissues studied, or the dehydrogenases measured in adipose tissue and kidneys. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and adipose tissue and liver malic enzyme were significantly lowered in deficient rats compared to ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Adipose tissue and liver ATP citrate lyase activities were also significantly decreased by vitamin B6 deficiency. In the presence of insulin, the uptake of glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose, a non-metabolizable sugar, by fat pads from deficient rats was greater than uptake by fat pads from control rats. These observations suggest that the increased glucose utilization by adipose tissue and liver of vitamin B6-deficient rats is not directly related to changes in the enzymes studied, but in the case of adipose tissue, may be explained, at least in part, by enhanced glucose uptake.
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PMID:Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on liver, kidney, and adipose tissue enzymes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and on glucose uptake by rat epididymal adipose tissue. 13 63

In the differential diagnosis of intermittent claudication some rare myopathies have to be considered. The most frequent is phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease). Exercise-induced muscular pain, weakness, contractures and occasionally myoglobinuria are the most prominent clinical signs. Serum creatine phosphokinase, aldolase and lactic dehydrogenase may be elevated after exertion. In the ischemic forearm test there is no rise of serum lactic acid. The enzyme deficiency can be demonstrated by histochemical and biochemical examination of a muscle specimen. Further, but more infrequent, enzymatic disturbances of glycolysis are phosphofructokinase deficiency and phosphohexoisomerase inhibitor, which also yield an abnormal ischemic forearm test and must be demonstrated histochemically and biochemically. Apart from muscular signs, myopathy with lactic acidosis is associated with palpitation, dyspnea and exhaustion, and a disproportionate rise in serum lactic acid level after exertion. Histochemically and electronmicroscopically demonstrable fat accumulation in the muscle can be a sign of a disturbance in lipid metabolism. This type of exercise-induced myopathy has been reported only in a few cases with carnitine-pylmityltransferase deficiency, which has to be demonstrated biochemically. Muscular contractures also exercise-induced but painless and reversible within seconds may be due to deficient uptake of sarcoplasmic calcium in the tubular system. Dyskalemic paralysis causes painless paresis within minutes of hours after exertion, which disappears within hours to a few days. Myopathy with tubular aggregates can be differentiated from other exercise-induced myopathies by morphology. Myotonia combined with painful contractures characterizes myopathia myotonica.
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PMID:[Exercise-induced muscular weakness, myalgia and contractures. I. A clinical review]. 13 80

ATPase activity of actomyosin and activity of glycogenolytic enzymes were distinctly increased during postnatal period of development. Direct correlation was observed between the actomyosin ATPase and phosphofructokinase, phosphohexoisomerase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and "bound" fraction of aldolase. Kinetic patterns of phosphofructokinase (Km and Hill's coefficient) were not altered at the postnatal period. Formation of complexes between the contractile proteins and glycolytic enzymes appears to be important in development of contractile function.
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PMID:[Comparative study of the changes in the ATPase activity of actomyosin and in the activity of skeletal muscle glycolytic enzymes in the early postnatal period of development]. 14 21

Aspergillus nidulans was completely devoid of fruit bodies when grown on manganese deficient cultures. This result was shown earlier to be due to a lack of alpha-1,3 glucan in the cell wall. Several enzymes of carbon and nitrogen metabolism were investigated in an attempt to explain the absence of this reserve material. Synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase, were not strongly affected by manganese deficiency. However, phosphoglucomutase showed only 60% of the activity of the control cultures and it was argued that this was connected with the low amounts of alpha-1,3 glucan synthesized. Malate dehydrogenase was the enzyme the least affected by manganese deficiency and the two to threefold higher activity measured after glucose depletion might indicate the induction of the glyoxylate cycle. An impaired glutamine synthetase could explain the increase in activity observed for NAD-glutamine dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Sexual differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans: the requirement for manganese and the correlation between phosphoglucomutase and the synthesis of reserve material. 17 48

The activity of glycolysis and glyconeogenesis enzymes, content of carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds were studied in muscles of 15-month cattle of different sex of the black-piebald breed and its crosses with bulls of two meat breeds Hereford and Limousine. In the muscles of bulls the activity of phosphoglucomutase, phosphohexoisomerase, aldolase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase is considerably higher (except of the activity of phosphoglucomutase and phosphohexoisomerase in the muscles of pure-bred black-piebald animals for which difference is not statistically reliable) and the content of glycogen, glucose, fructose, lactic acid, free and phosphorylated pentoses of nonadenylic compounds is essentially lower than in the muscle tissue of heifers of analogous breed groups. A higher activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (especially aldolase and fructose-1,6-diphosphate) and a higher content of total pentoses, the adenylic system pentoses, ATP phosphorus in the muscles of the cross Limousine and Hereford bulls and Limousine heifers as compared to the pure-bred black-piebald animals of the corresponding sex coincide with a greater increase in the muscular tissue and more intensive synthesis of proteins in it. A considerably lower level of glycogen, glucose, fructose and a relatively high activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in the muscles of cross young cattle show that disintegration of these carbohydrates is in excess of their synthesis, that is due to an increase in the energy demand connected with a more intensive synthesis of proteins in the muscular tissue. Therefore, in the authors opinion the performed kill of the cross Limousine and Hereford bulls as well as Limousine heifers, is somewhat untimely and unreasonable. At the same time the activity of all the studied enzymes in the muscles of the cross Hereford heifers, vice versa, is considerably lower as compared to the black-piebald heifers and coincides with a low gain in live weight and muscular tissue, a more rapid accumulation of glycogen and lipids and a more delayed--of proteins in the muscular tissue, that evidences for their early maturity. Therefore the further raising of the cross Hereford heifers in the farm for obtaining meat is economically less profitable. The data obtained give grounds to recommend determination of the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, especially of aldolase and fructose-1,6-diphosphate, as a test for checking the muscular tissue growth and for prognosing the meat productivity in the growing pure-bred and cross young cattle of different sex.
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PMID:[Activity of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes and content of carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds in muscles of young cattle depending on breed and sex]. 17 55

An ultramicrochemical technique has been adapted to the evolution of enzyme profiles within individual human mammary tumors. Tandem observation of adjacent stained and lyophilized sections permitted dissection of microgram quantities of freeze-dried material within confirmed regions of malignancy. Enzymes frequently monitored to examine glycolytic, respiratory, and metastatic capacity were microanalyzed successfully: lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), acid phosphatase (AP), aldolase (ALD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GOPDH), hexokinase (HK), and phosphofructokinase (PRK). All enzyme activities were higher in infiltrating ductal carcinomas than in fibroadenomas. Extracts of tumor cells mixed in varying proportions with brain or muscle extracts of rat evidenced no modification of expected activity. The technical adaptation described provided a sensitive methodology to resolve problems of relication, profile analysis, sample quantity, and selectivity within heterogeneous tissues.
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PMID:Application of a microchemical technique to the elucidation of enzyme activity profiles within single human mammary tumors. 20 41

This paper starts a series on red blood cell (RBC) metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The glycolytic enzyme levels and in vitro half-lives of these patients' RBCs were determined. A number of enzymes (hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, fructose-6-phosphate kinase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase) showed higher activities than in normal control RBCs. Other enzyme activities were normal. These results were discussed and several possible mechanisms considered. We favour the point of view of a shortened life span of the RBCs in CRF, making the most unstable enzymes of the glycolytic sequence appear increase as compared with normal controls.
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PMID:Metabolism of red blood cells in chronic renal failure. I. Glycolytic enzyme levels. 22 98


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