Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
 3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glucose may be converted to 6-phosphogluconate by alternate pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate, which is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconate during anaerobic growth when nitrate is used as respiratory electron acceptor. Mutant cells lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are unable to catabolize glucose under these conditions. The mutant cells utilize glucose as effectively as do wild-type cells in the presence of oxygen; under these conditions, glucose is utilized via direct oxidation to gluconate, which is converted to 6-phosphogluconate. The membrane-associated glucose dehydrogenase activity was not formed during anaerobic growth with glucose. Gluconate, the product of the enzyme, appeared to be the inducer of the gluconate transport system, gluconokinase, and membrane-associated gluconate dehydrogenase. 6-Phosphogluconate is probably the physiological inducer of glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and the dehydratase and aldolase of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Nitrate-linked respiration is required for the anaerobic uptake of glucose and gluconate by independently regulated transport systems in cells grown under denitrifying conditions.
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PMID:Regulation of alternate peripheral pathways of glucose catabolism during aerobic and anaerobic growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 640 87

Methods for measurement of glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase, triose-P isomerase, fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase, and the DPN-linked and flavin-linked alpha-glycero-P dehydrogenases in small amounts of tissue have been worked out. These enzymes have been measured in ten tracts in rabbit central nervous system. The activities of all the enzymes measured, except the flavin-linked alpha-glycero-P dehydrogenase, are present in larger amounts in lightly myelinated than in heavily myelinated tracts, but are relatively low in fibrillar layer of olfactory bulb, which is unmyelinated. Aldolase, like P-fructokinase (measured previously), is especially low in fibrillar layer. Taken together with relatively high 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase activity found earlier this supports the hypothesis that the pentose-P shunt is particularly active in this tract. The activity of DPN-linked alpha-glycero-P dehydrogenase is inversely proportional to the lipid content of the myelinated tracts, which suggests that its primary role is not related to lipid synthesis in adult brain. The activities of flavin-linked alpha-glycero-P dehydrogenase are unrelated to those of the DPN-linked enzyme, which is contrary to expectation if the two enzymes function as partners in the "alpha-glycerophosphate shuttle."
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PMID:QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF WHITE MATTER. II. ENZYMES INVOLVED IN TRIOSE PHOSPHATE METABOLISM. 1410 Sep 62

Photosynthetic and respiratory activities have been measured in leaves of Hordeum vulgare L. var. Manchuria (barley) after infection with Erysiphe graminis var. hordei (powdery mildew). Two isogenic lines, one resistant to infection and the other highly susceptible, were examined.These isogenic lines showed very different physiological responses following infection. Photosynthesis and the chlorophyll content of resistant leaves was unaffected by infection. Respiration increased slightly and this was accompanied by small increases in activities of enzymes of glycolysis, the pentose-P pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.The infection of susceptible leaves resulted in a slight increase in photosynthesis 48 hours after inoculation, but subsequently there was a progressive decrease in the photosynthesis of these leaves compared with that of noninfected leaves. The capacity of infected leaves for partial reactions of photosynthesis such as the Hill reaction and the photoreduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(1)) decreased during the later stages of infection. The levels of chlorophyll, NADPH-diaphorase and aldolase also declined. There was no detectable difference in the respiration of infected and noninfected leaves until 48 hours after inoculation. After this time, the infected leaves showed a higher respiration, the maximum difference occurring about 144 hours after inoculation. The respiratory increase was not accompanied by significant changes in the levels of enzymes of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle with the exception of malate dehydrogenase which was lower in infected leaves. In contrast, the activities of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase and 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase showed changes similar to that observed for respiration.The respiration and the activities of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase and 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase did not increase in infected leaves of etiolated plants, even when excellent growth of the fungus was established by growing the plants in White's basal medium supplemented with sucrose. The respiration of a susceptible mutant barley (the yellow-green virescent mutant of the variety Himalaya) when grown in the light at 11 degrees was not changed by infection although the characteristic respiratory rise occurred in plants grown at 15 degrees . At the lower temperature chloroplasts fail to develop in this mutant, although development is normal at 15 degrees .It is suggested that the pathogen is not directly responsible for the increase in respiration in green leaves, rather that this is a response in the host cells to a loss of photosynthetic capacity.
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PMID:Metabolic regulation in diseased leaves. I. The respiratory rise in barley leaves infected with powdery mildew. 1665 53

Two isoenzymes each of hexose-P isomerase, aldolase and 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase have been found in the endosperm of developing castor beans (Ricinus communis L.). One isoenzyme for each activity is present in the proplastid fraction. Only one form of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase was found. It is suggested that the partition of an enzyme activity between cytosol and plastid is regulated by the synthesis of isoenzymes which are subcellular site specific. In addition, this report describes the use of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25 sievorptive chromatography for the preparation of plant enzymes.
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PMID:Isoenzymes of the Glycolytic and Pentose Phosphate Pathways in Proplastids from the Developing Endosperm of Ricinis communis L. 1666 Apr 15

Tissue distribution and activity of enzymes involved in sucrose and hexose metabolism were examined in kernels of two inbreds of maize (Zea mays L.) at progressive stages of development. Levels of sugars and starch were also quantitated throughout development. Enzyme activities studied were: ATP-linked fructokinase, UTP-linked fructokinase, ATP-linked glucokinase, sucrose synthase, UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase, UDP-Glc dehydrogenase, PPi-linked phosphofructokinase, ATP-linked phosphofructokinase, NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent Glc-6-P dehydrogenase, aldolase, phosphoglucoisomerase, and phosphoglucomutase. Distribution of invertase activity was examined histochemically. Hexokinase and ATP-linked phosphofructokinase activities were the lowest among these enzymes and it is likely that these enzymes may regulate the utilization of sucrose in developing maize kernels. Most of the hexokinase activity was found in the endosperm, but the embryo had high activity on a dry weight basis. The endosperm, which stores primarily starch, contained high PPi-linked phosphofructokinase and low ATP-linked phosphofructokinase activities, whereas the embryo, which stores primarily lipids, had much higher ATP-linked phosphofructokinase activity than did the endosperm. It is suggested that PPi required by UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase and PPi-linked phosphofructokinase in the endosperm may be supplied by starch synthesis. Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was largely restricted to the endosperm, whereas 6-P-gluconate and Glc-6-P dehydrogenase activities were highest in the base and pericarp. A possible metabolic pathway by which sucrose is converted into starch is proposed.
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PMID:Enzymes of sucrose and hexose metabolism in developing kernels of two inbreds of maize. 1666 24