Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
 3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of endocellular enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, protease, glucose dehydrogenase, aldolase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase) was studied in isolated prospores and sporangia as well as in vegetative cells of Bacillus thuringiensis strains, one of which produced crystals and one did not. The activity of malate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase was high in prospores of the both strains at the fifth and sixth stages of spore formation. The strain which did not produce crystals differed from the parent strain by a higher aldolase activity at all of the growth stages and by an abrupt increase in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes in sporangia (in the cytoplasm of the parent cells).
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PMID:[Activity of intracellular enzymes in Bacillus thuringiensis prospores and sporangia]. 634 86

The significance of changes in lymph flow for the extracellular distribution and transport of cellular enzymes and for the level of enzyme activities in plasma was investigated. Specimens of thoracic duct lymph were obtained from an extracorporal lymph shunt in anaesthetized, conscious resting and treadmill exercising dogs (6 km X h-1 for 1 h) The activity of 10 enzymes and of protein content in lymph and plasma were studied, as well as lymph flow, lymphatic transport, and the lymph-plasma ratio of these compounds. Lactate, pH, and blood gases were monitored in venous blood. Lymph flow of 0.80 ml X min-1 in anaesthetized dogs more than doubled (to 1.86 ml X min-1) when the animals were conscious and resting. In anaesthetized dogs lymph enzyme activity was higher only for enzymes of predominately hepatic origin, such as choline esterase (CHE) and alanine aminoferase (ALAT), and was lower for aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and aldolase (ALD). In conscious dogs, due to activation of the skeletal muscle "tissue pump", lymphatic transport of enzymes with rather high activity in skeletal muscle, and of protein, is significantly enhanced. Enzyme activities in plasma, however, did not differ between the groups. Lymph-plasma activity ratios higher than one were found for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), ASAT, creatine kinase (CK), ALD, and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI). Exercise stimulated lymph flow up to 4.9 ml X min-1, and increased the lymphatic activities of those enzymes with a lymph-plasma ratio higher than unity, these enzymes increasing in the plasma due to the highly increased lymphatic transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Enzyme activities in thoracic duct lymph and plasma of anaesthetized, conscious resting and exercising dogs. 642 59

Evidence is presented for the occurrence of glycosomes (organelles resembling peroxisomes) in four major species of Leishmania (viz. L. major, L.m. mexicana, L. b. braziliensis and L. donovani), based on latency as well as differential and isopycnic centrifugation studies. The enzymes involved in glycolysis; (hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase); glycerol metabolism (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol kinase); carbon dioxide fixation (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and possibly malate dehydrogenase); together with an enzyme involved in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids (3-beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase); a key enzyme in the synthesis of ether lipids (dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase) as well as the ADP utilising enzyme adenylate kinase, were all found associated, at least in part, with a subcellular organelle which had a buoyant density in sucrose gradients of 1.21 to 1.24 g cm-3. Little variance in enzyme composition was found between the different species of Leishmania or in comparison with other members of the Trypanosomatidae, supporting the unifying principle that glycosomes are a unique characteristic of this family. The occurrence of important catabolic, anabolic and anaplerotic pathways in the glycosomes of Leishmania renders them prime targets for chemotherapy.
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PMID:The occurrence of glycosomes (microbodies) in the promastigote stage of four major Leishmania species. 644 18

The activities of six different enzymes were compared in 29 normal, 34 dysplastic, and 80 cancerous (both primary and metastatic) human breast tissues; in MCF-7 cells; and in primary rat mammary tumors. Benign lesions generally showed enzyme activities similar to those of normal breast tissues. Malignant tumors had significantly increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and creatine kinase. Enzyme activity in the malignant tumor was always higher than that in apparently normal or fibrocystic tissue from the same patient. Enzyme activities did not correlate with the levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors. LDH, MDH, and HK were elevated to a similar extent in all the tissues examined. Conversely, PK was elevated to a much greater extent in cancerous tissues, particularly in MCF-7 cells. The elevated activities of these enzymes may have diagnostic potential, especially when tumor tissue and apparently normal tissue from the same patient are compared.
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PMID:Enzyme activities in normal, dysplastic, and cancerous human breast tissues. 658 10

Isozyme patterns of 23 different enzymes were compared in normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues; in MCF-7 cells; and in organoids of normal human breast tissue. Benign lesions generally showed isozyme patterns similar to those of normal tissues. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 was significantly increased in malignant tumors; MCF-7 cells had only lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27). The mitochondrial form of malate dehydrogenase was also significantly increased in human malignant tumors; this was especially evident when comparing tumor and apparently uninvolved breast tissue from the same patient. The K4 isozyme of pyruvate kinase was the major form in most malignant breast tumors, but in only 41% of normal tissues, 30% of fibrocystic disease specimens, and 46% of fibroadenomas. A more anodal band of pyruvate kinase, probably a K3M or K3Kpm hybrid, predominated in most normal and benign tissues, but in only 63% of primary and 56% of secondary tumors. All specimens had predominantly creatine kinase BB, aldolase A4, and hexokinase I. Traces of aldolase A3C and of hexokinase II were observed in some tumors. None of the tumors had the Regan variant of alkaline phosphatase. The isozymes of lactate and malate dehydrogenases and of pyruvate kinase appear to be the most promising as putative tumor markers.
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PMID:Isozyme patterns of normal, benign, and malignant human breast tissues. 664 May 38

The effect of a chronic intake of dietary alcohol upon myocardial enzymes was studied in rats. Alcohol, comprising more than 40% of the dietary calorie content, was administered to rats for 6 or 12 weeks. To assess the metabolic changes in the myocardium, the following enzymes were measured: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), aldolase (ALD), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), creatine kinase (CK) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT). The activity of CK was decreased (4.79 +/- 0.99 U X mg-1 protein) after 6 weeks on alcohol and was significantly different from that of the controls (5.98 +/- 1.44 U X mg-1 protein). After 12 weeks the CK activity of alcoholic rats had recovered to 5.99 +/- 1.08 U X mg protein-1 and approached the value found in the normal myocardium. A pronounced decrease was found in the activity of MDH: 8.26 +/- 0.69 U X mg protein-1 in the controls, and 6.78 +/- 1.07 U X mg protein-1 and 5.79 +/- 0.85 U X mg protein-1 in the alcoholic rats after 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. The LDH activity decreased to a lesser extent, but significantly: 2.45 +/- 0.18 U X mg protein-1 in the controls, and 2.11 +/- 0.07 U X mg protein-1 and 2.06 +/- 0.29 U X mg protein-1 after 6 and 12 weeks on test. Only slight, not significant, changes were observed for the other enzymes investigated (ICDH, ALD, GPT).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Enzyme activity changes in rat heart after chronic alcohol ingestion. 668 85

Highly purified glycosomes were isolated from Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms and cultured procyclic trypomastigotes. A comparison of the specific activities of glycosomal enzymes revealed that glycosomes from insect stages had decreased levels of hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phospho-fructokinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase, but contained increased levels of adenylate kinase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Glycosomes from bloodstream forms were almost totally devoid of the latter two activities. Comparison of the two types of glycosomes by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that bloodstream form glycosomes contained 3 prominent polypeptides (64, 46 and 40 kDa) which were hardly detectable in insect stage glycosomes, whereas the latter contained 3 insect stage specific bands with molecular weight of 34 000, 61 000 and 77 000 and 4 additional bands with molecular weights between 94 000 and 110 000. Both types of glycosome contained the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Insect stage glycosomes contained in addition also phosphatidylinositol and some phosphatidylserine.
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PMID:A comparison of the glycosomes (microbodies) isolated from Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form and cultured procyclic trypomastigotes. 674 87

The electrophoretic mobilities of seven enzymes from eight theileria-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines originating in Kenya and Iran were compared. The isoenzyme patterns of phosphoglucomutase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were the same for all cell lines infected with any of the three Theileria species. Theileria annulata could be clearly differentiated from T parva and T lawrencei on the basis of three enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase. T parva and T lawrencei isoenzyme patterns were alike except for glucose phosphate isomerase, where two sets of isoenzyme mobility were shown which, however, did not separate the two species.
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PMID:Preliminary investigations on isoenzyme variants of lymphoblastoid cell lines infected wih Theileria species. 678 78

Chronic sumithion toxicity in experimental crabs was induced by exposing them for 15 and 30 days to 0.04 ppm sumithion solution. The enzymes concerned with glycogenolytic metabolism (phosphorylase), glycolytic metabolism (aldolase), aerobic metabolism [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH)], anaerobic metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine amino transaminase (AIAT)], were assayed in the muscle of control and experimental crabs. Glycogen, pyruvic acid, lactic acid were also estimated in the muscle of both control and experimental crabs. The muscle tissue of chronic sumithion-exposed crab exhibited suppressed glycogenolysis and glycolysis with an onset of gluconeogenesis. In general, chronic sumithion exposure seems to result in an elevation of the synthetic phase of muscle carbohydrate metabolism.
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PMID:Chronic sumithion toxicity: effect on carbohydrate metabolism in crab muscle. 682 35

The fractions of lipoproteids, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and their isoenzymes as well as the fructoso-1-phosphate aldolase (F-1-PhA) and cholinesterase (ChE) activity were studied in 220 patients with diabetes mellitus, of which 156 had diabetes mellitus combined with ischemic heart disease (IHD). It was shown that the level of atherogenic lipoproteids is augmented in all the forms of diabetes mellitus and its latent stage, their highest content being seen in the disease, aggravated by IHD. An elevated level of pre-beta-lipoproteid atherogenic fraction was more common in diabetics with IHD. An increased F-1PhA and LDH5 activity was observed in all the patients examined, whereas in severe diabetes mellitus a decrease in the ChE activity was seen. The composed table of changes in the enzyme activity and atherogenic lipoproteid levels in diabetes mellitus combined with IHD, significantly differing from those of the diabetics without IHD, can be used for early IHD diagnosing in diabetes mellitus patients.
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PMID:[Diagnostic coefficients of ischemic heart disease in diabetes mellitus]. 688 7


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