Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:4.1.2.13 (aldolase)
3,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of 13 liver and 6 brain enzymes were studied in 7-12 week old CD2F1 male mice that had been fed ad libitum and standardized either to 12 hours of light (0600-1800) alternating with 12 hours of darkness (1800-0600) (LD12:12); or to a reversed light-dark cycle (darkness 0600-1800; light 1800-0600) (DL12:12). Three separate studies were performed on two different days; in each experiment, subgroups of 14 animals were sacrificed at 3-hour intervals. Livers were assayed for: isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glyoxylate reductase, L-alanine aminotransferase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, pyruvate decarboxylase, fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, and fatty acid synthetase. Brains were assayed for phosphoglucose isomerase, adenosine triphosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, pyruvate kinase, adenylate kinase, and malate dehydrogenase. All 19 enzymes demonstrated a prominent circadian rhythm in at least one experiment. Moreover, each rhythmic variable showed a statistically significant fit to a 24-hour cosine (sine) curve by the method of least squares. In general, peak activities of the liver enzymes analyzed were associated with the beginning of the dark cycle and initiation of the animal's activity, while the group of brain enzymes had peak activities which occurred at the beginning of the animals' rest span and were near the beginning of the light cycle. The phasing of each of the rhythms could be reversed within a two-week span after reversing the environmental light-dark cycle 180 degrees.
...
PMID:Circadian organization of thirteen liver and six brain enzymes of the mouse. 731 49

The effect of DL alpha-lipoic acid on the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin was examined. Intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) to rats resulted in decreased activity of the glycolytic enzymes-hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase. The two gluconeogenic enzymes--glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, the transmembrane enzymes namely the Na+, K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase and the brushborder enzyme alkaline phosphatase, also showed decreased activities. This decrease in the activities of ATPases and alkaline phosphatase suggests basolateral and brush border membrane damage. Decreased activity of the TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), suggests a loss in mitochondrial integrity. These biochemical disturbances were effectively counteracted by lipoic acid administration. Lipoic acid administration by gastric intubation at two different concentrations (10 mg and 25 mg/kg/day) brought about an increase in the activity of the glycolytic enzymes, ATPases and the TCA cycle enzymes. The gluconeogenic enzymes however showed a further decrease in their activities at both the concentrations of lipoic acid administered. These observations shed light on the nephroprotective action of lipoic acid against experimental aminoglycoside toxicity and the protection afforded at 25 mg/kg/day of lipoic acid was noted to be higher than that at 10 mg level.
...
PMID:Role of DL alpha-lipoic acid in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. 765 73

The pregnant rats were treated with formaldehyde (0.5 mg/kg daily per os) during whole period of pregnancy. The activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, H(+)-ATPase, glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD- and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and content of protein in liver celts of offsprings (newborns, 2 weeks age and 2 months age) were studied. It was shown differences in development enzyme systems of control and experimental animals during ontogenesis.
...
PMID:[Experimental study of the effect of formaldehyde during embryogenesis on the activity of rat liver enzyme systems in ontogenesis]. 913 53

Growth performance and the pattern of glycolytic enzymes in the blood plasma were assessed during experimental Sarcocystis cruzi infection (1 x 10(5) sporocysts per calf) in six calves; five calves served as noninfected controls. At slaughter (68 or 88 days post infection), carcass weight, dressing percentages and several parameters of meat quality (pH, color brightness, rigor, water absorbing capacity, water binding capacity) were recorded. Moreover, enzyme activities were measured in muscle homogenates. Weight gain was significantly impaired by the infection. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aldolase (ALD) significantly increased in the blood plasma of the infected calves during the chronic stage of the disease, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) were not significantly altered. This was accompanied by a significant decrease of enzyme activities in the Musculus longissimus dorsi (LDH, ALD), in the diaphragmatic musculature (ALD, G6PDH) and in the heart (LDH, ALD). Activities of LDH, ALD, ICDH and G6PDH were visualized by enzyme histochemistry within the developing sarcosporidial cysts. However, isoenzymes of parasite origin could not be demonstrated by agar-gel electrophoresis of muscle homogenates or blood plasma. It is concluded that sarcocystiosis of even moderate severity alters the performance of calves but not meat quality. Leakage of glycolytic enzymes from the affected muscles is the probable cause of increased plasma enzyme activities. Although these enzymes are also synthesized by the parasite, the contribution of parasite-derived enzymes to the observed changes of enzyme patterns remains in question.
...
PMID:Growth performance, meat quality and activities of glycolytic enzymes in the blood and muscle tissue of calves infected with Sarcocystis cruzi. 1068 Oct 18

We evaluated the effect of sodium molybdate on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial enzymes in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in the activities of glucose metabolising enzymes like hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and in the level of glycogen. An elevation in the activities of aldolase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase, glycogen phosphorylase and in the level of blood glucose were also observed in diabetic rats when compared to control rats. The activities of mitochondrial enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome-C-oxidase were also significantly lowered in diabetic rats. Molybdate administration to diabetic rats reversed the above changes in a significant manner. From our observations, we conclude that administration of sodium molybdate regulated the blood sugar levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Sodium molybdate therapy not only maintained the blood glucose homeostasis but also altered the activities of carbohydrate metabolising enzymes. Molybdate therapy also considerably improved the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, thereby suggesting its role in mitochondrial energy production.
...
PMID:Effect of sodium molybdate on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 1183 16

Adriamycin, which is widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic conditions, exerts toxic effects in several organs. Adriamycin nephrotoxicity has been recently documented in a variety of animal species. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of lipoic acid on the nephrotoxic potential of adriamycin. The study was carried out with adult male albino rats of Wistar strain. Test animals were divided into four groups of six rats each as follows: Group I (control) received only normal saline throughout the course of the experiment. Group II (ADR) received intravenous injections of adriamycin through the tail vein (1 mg kg(-1) body wt day(-1)) once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Group III (LA) received lipoic acid (35 mg kg(-1) body wt day(-1)) intraperitoneally once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Group IV (ADR + LA) received a single injection of lipoic acid intraperitoneally 24 h prior to the administration of adriamycin through the tail vein once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Intravenous injections of adriamycin resulted in decreased activities of the glycolytic enzymes; hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase in the rat renal tissue. The gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, showed a decline in their activities on adriamycin administration. The transmembrane enzymes namely the Na+,K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and the brush-border enzyme alkaline phosphatase also showed a decrease in their activities. This decrease in the activities of ATPases and alkaline phosphatase suggests basolateral and brush-border membrane damage. Decreased activities of the TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, suggest a loss in mitochondrial function and integrity. Nephrotoxicity was evident from the increased excretions of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase in the urine of adriamycin administered rats. These biochemical disturbances were effectively counteracted on pre-treatment with lipoic acid, which brought about an increase in the activities of glycolytic enzymes, ATPases and the TCA cycle enzymes. On the other hand, the gluconeogenic enzymes showed a further decrease in their activities on lipoic acid pretreatment. LA pretreatment also restored the activities of the urinary enzymes to normal. These observations shed light on the nephroprotective action of lipoic acid rendered against experimental aminoglycoside toxicity.
...
PMID:The influence of lipoic acid on adriamycin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. 1284 26

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. of the family Anacardiaceae has many applications in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine. We have evaluated the effect of S. anacardium nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory enzymes in liver and kidney mitochondria of dimethyl benzanthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mammary carcinoma-bearing rats showed a significant rise in glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase) and a simultaneous fall in gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase). The activities of mitochondrial enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase were significantly lowered in mammary carcinoma-bearing rats when compared with control rats. S. anacardium nut extract administration to tumour-induced animals significantly lowered the glycolytic enzyme activities (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase) and there was a rise in gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase), which indicated an antitumour and anticancer effect. Comparison of normal control rats and rats administered S. anacardium only as drug control animals showed no significant variations in enzyme activities. S. anacardium nut extract administration to dimethyl benzanthracene-tumour-induced animals significantly increased the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, thereby suggesting its role in mitochondrial energy production.
...
PMID:Therapeutic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing and mitochondrial TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in mammary carcinoma rats. 1460 72

We conducted an allozyme electrophoretic study to explore potential enzyme markers to distinguish Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand and Lao PDR. Twenty-eight enzymes encoding presumptive 32 loci were established. The enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase were diagnostic between two geographically separate isolates from Thailand. Twelve enzymes, ie, aconitate hydratase, aldolase, creatine kinase, enolase, esterases, fumarate hydratase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, alanine aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and pyruvate kinase, also provided diagnostic markers for these two isolates from Thailand and one isolate from Lao PDR.
...
PMID:Enzyme markers to identify and characterize Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand and Lao PDR. 1754 51

The content and distribution of body lipids are of special interest for production efficiency and meat quality in the farm animal industry. Triglycerides represent the most variable fraction of tissue lipids, and are mainly stored in adipocytes. Although several studies have reported regional differences in the expression of genes and their products in adipocytes from various species, the characteristics of i.m. adipocytes remain poorly described. To evaluate adipocyte features according to muscle and other fat locations, adipocyte proteins were isolated from trapezius skeletal muscle, and intermuscular, s.c., or perirenal adipose tissues from 6 female pigs (80 d of age). Protein extracts were labeled and analyzed by 2-dimensional, fluorescent, differential gel electrophoresis. The comparisons revealed that 149 spots were always differentially expressed (P < 0.05, ratio exceeding |2|-fold difference) between i.m. adipocytes and the fat cells derived from the 3 other adipose locations. The proteins that were downregulated in i.m. fat cells belonged to various metabolic pathways, such as lipogenesis (cytosolic malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, P < 0.01), glycolysis (enolases and aldolase, P </= 0.01), lipolysis (perilipin, P < 0.01), fatty acid oxidation (long-chain fatty-acyl CoA dehydrogenase, P < 0.01), and energy transfer (catalase, voltage-dependent anion channel 1, and electron-transfer flavoprotein, P < 0.05). In contrast, both prohibitin-1 and cell division cycle 42 homolog, with possible roles in cell growth, were up-regulated (P < 0.05) in i.m. adipocytes compared with other fat cells. Fewer differences were observed when adipocytes isolated from s.c., perirenal, and intermuscular fat tissues were compared, with a maximum of 17 spots differing significantly in abundance between perirenal and s.c. adipose tissues. The findings that proteins involved in both anabolic and energy-yielding catabolic pathways are downregulated in i.m. adipocytes compared with s.c., visceral, or intermuscular adipocytes, suggest that the metabolic activity of i.m. adipocytes is low. Thus, triggering adipogenesis rather than cell metabolism per se might be a valuable strategy to control lipid deposition in pig skeletal muscles.
...
PMID:Regional differences in porcine adipocytes isolated from skeletal muscle and adipose tissues as identified by a proteomic approach. 1831 Apr 87

Abnormal glucose handling has emerged as a major clinical problem in millions of diabetic patients worldwide. Insulin resistance affects especially one of the main target organs of this hormone, the skeletal musculature, making impaired glucose metabolism in contractile fibres a major feature of type 2 diabetes. High levels of circulating free fatty acids, an increased intramyocellular lipid content, impaired insulin-mediated glucose uptake, diminished mitochondrial functioning and an overall weakened metabolic flexibility are pathobiochemical hallmarks of diabetic skeletal muscles. In order to increase our cellular understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie this complex diabetes-associated skeletal muscle pathology, we initiated herein a mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of skeletal muscle preparations from the non-obese Goto-Kakizaki rat model of type 2 diabetes. Following staining of high-resolution two-dimensional gels with colloidal Coomassie Blue, 929 protein spots were detected, whereby 21 proteins showed a moderate differential expression pattern. Decreased proteins included carbonic anhydrase, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase and enolase. Increased proteins were identified as monoglyceride lipase, adenylate kinase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, phosphoglucomutase, aldolase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, small heat shock Hsp27/B1, actin and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. These proteomic findings suggest that the diabetic phenotype is associated with a generally perturbed protein expression pattern, affecting especially glucose, fatty acid, nucleotide and amino acid metabolism, as well as the contractile apparatus, the cellular stress response, the anti-oxidant defense system and detoxification mechanisms. The altered expression levels of distinct skeletal muscle proteins, as documented in this study, might be helpful for the future establishment of a comprehensive biomarker signature of type 2 diabetes. Reliable markers could be used for improving diagnostics, monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic evaluations.
...
PMID:Proteomic profiling of non-obese type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle. 2012 51


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next >>

---