Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:4.1.1.6 (CAD)
 4,420 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The dipeptide, L-prolyl-L-leucine monohydrate (C11H20N2O3.H2O, molecular weight, 246.3) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1), with cell constants: a = 6.492(2)A, b = 5.417(8)A, c = 20.491(5)A, beta = 96.59(2) degrees, Z = 2, Do = 1.15 g/cm3, and Dc = 1.142 g/cm3. The structure was solved by SHELX-86 and refined by full matrix least squares methods to a final R-factor of 0.081 for 660 unique reflections (I greater than 2 sigma (I)) measured on an Enraf Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer (CuK alpha, lambda = 1.5418 A, T = 293 K). The peptide linkage exists in the trans conformation. The pyrrolidine ring exists in the envelope conformation. The values of the sidechain torsion angles are: chi 1 = -59.3(13) degrees, chi 21 = -63.1(16) degrees and chi 22 = 174.8(15) degrees for leucine (C-terminal). The crystal structure is stabilised by a three-dimensional network of N-H ... O, O-H ... O, and C-H ... O hydrogen bonds.
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PMID:Structure and conformation of peptides involving prolyl residue. IV. L-Prolyl-L-leucine monohydrate. 237 71

The CAD-CAM CEREC system is a small, complex unit developed for electronically designing and milling ceramic restorations. The system makes it possible to generate a restoration without taking impressions, developing temporary prostheses, and without laboratory assistance. The entire restorative procedure is performed in one appointment. Basic features include the following: the cavity preparation is scanned stereo-photogrammetrically, using a three-dimensional miniature video camera; the small microprocessor unit stores the three-dimensional pattern depicted on the screen; the video display serves as a format for the necessary manual construction via an electrical signal; the microprocessor develops the final three-dimensional restoration from the two-dimensional construction; the processing unit automatically deletes data beyond the margins of the preparation; the electronic information is transferred numerically to the miniature three-axis milling device; driven by a water turbine unit, the milling device generates a precision-fitting restoration from a standard ceramic block; the entire process of electronic designing and subsequent milling of a ceramic restoration requires approximately 10 to 15 minutes.
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PMID:A new method for generating ceramic restorations: a CAD-CAM system. 273 47

Recently 15-p-iodophenyl-beta-methyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMPPA) was proposed for use in myocardial scintigraphy, as a possible probe of metabolic processes other than beta-oxidation. In 19 patients (CAD/15, St.p. Mi/7; control 4) myocardial scintigraphy was carried out after i.v. I-123-BMPPA (2-4 mCi). Data were collected (LAO 45 degrees/14; anterior/5) for 100 min in the fasted patients. Organ to background (BG) ratios were calculated for the heart (H) and liver (L), and the elimination (E) behaviour was analyzed from BG (vena cava region) corrected time activity curves. In 10 patients plasma and urine were examined. By CHCl3/MeOH extraction of plasma samples (90 min after injection), both in water and in organic medium soluble catabolites were found. TLC fractionation showed that those were co-migrating, compared to standards, with bencoic acid, BMPPA and triglycerides. In the urine (0-2 h after injection, 4.1% dose) hippuric acid was found. The mean t-max of BMPPA occurred at 15 min in the heart and at 9 min in the liver (P less than 0.01), with H/BG and L/BG ratios of 1.8 and 2.1, respectively. The elimination of BMPPA was slower from the heart than from the liver (P less than 0.01). It was biexponential from the liver in all cases (means: t/2 I, 11.4 min; t/2 II, 92 min; t/2 I uncor., 38 min) with the size of phase I smaller than that of phase II (means: I/II, 0.57). From the heart BMPPA turnover was biexponential in 11 patients (means: t/2 I, 13.8 min; t/2 II, 187 min; t/2 I uncor., 65 min; I/II, 0.34), but monoexponential in 8 (means: t/2, 218 min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Structurally modified fatty acids: clinical potential as tracers of metabolism. 349 Mar 77

The crystal structure of isopropyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside monohydrate is orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), Z = 4, with cell dimensions at 123 K [293 K] of a = 7.983(1) [8.037(1)], b = 24.574(5) [24.709(4)], c = 6.329(1) [6.3736(8)] A, V = 1241.84 [1265.71] A3. The calculated and measured density is Dx = 1.371 [1.345] g cm-3, Dm = [1.340] g cm-3. Diffraction data were obtained with CuK alpha radiation and a Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer. The structure was solved by using MULTAN, and refined to R(F2) = 0.051, RW(F2) = 0.078, R(F) = 0.029, S = 1.16 for 1502 reflections. The molecule has the 4C1(D) conformation. The orientation of the primary alcohol group is gauche/trans, and that about the glycosidic C-S bond is (-)synclinal relative to the ring C-O bond. Although this compound does not form thermotropic liquid crystals, it has two crystal-to-crystal phase-transitions, at 70 and 104 degrees, prior to melting at 126 degrees. The crystal structure has a characteristic, amphiphilic, head-to-head bilayer molecular packing, with intercalated alkyl groups. The water molecule is included in the hydrogen-bond structure that links the galactoside moieties.
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PMID:The crystal structure of isopropyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside monohydrate at 123 K. 377 93

During the next decade CAD/CAM technique will probably become routine in prosthetics and orthotics, not only as a complement to manual techniques, but also introducing new possibilities. However, even complex and sophisticated techniques have errors of measurement that must be considered. Such errors are of two principal kinds: systematic errors and random errors. In this study we have evaluated the Swedish CAPOD system with respect to volumetric determinations. We used two types of reference objects for volume determinations: cylinders and amputation residual limb models. Three different sizes were examined of each type of object. Volume measurements with CAPOD were compared with volumes obtained by water immersion or mathematical calculation (cylinders only). We found a constant, linear systematic error of +2.5%. Such an error can easily be corrected for. The random error, represented by the coefficient of variation, was 0.5%, which means that there is a theoretical possibility to detect volume changes exceeding 1%. We consider the precision sufficient for clinical practice in prosthetics and orthotics. Biological variations due to soft tissue deformation must be added on top of these errors. Such deformations were not evaluated in this study.
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PMID:Volumetric determinations with CAD/CAM in prosthetics and orthotics: errors of measurement. 756 54

The objective of the preliminary work reported here was to prepare an improved formulation of intrinsically colored microcrystalline glass-ceramic. Applications could include "megafillers" for direct composite restorations, precision castings, and CAD-CAM prostheses. The experimental glass-ceramic reported here contained SiO2 56.9, AI2O3 19, LiO2 7, ZnO 6, MgO 5, TiO22, ZrO22, P2O52, and CeO20.1 mole%. The batch materials were melted and stirred at 1,610 degrees C for 2 h, quenched in water and also formed into a block of a clear, slightly yellow glass. To identify the crystalline phases that developed during transformation of the glass to the ceramic, x-ray diffraction was used on ten aliquots taken during 15 h of stepwise heating from 750 to 1050 degrees C. With heating, the yellow color deepened to a very translucent "dark yellow" dental shade, then lightened with gradually increasing opacity during formation of secondary crystalline phases. X-ray opacity was approximately equivalent to that of dental enamel. The refractive index of the glass, nD1.554, increased during nucleation and growth of the crystalline phases to a maximum of 1.586. Intrinsic coloration of these glass-ceramic materials can be controlled by varying the heat treatment and/or composition to match typical dental shades.
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PMID:An esthetic glass-ceramic for use in composite restoration inserts. 799 79

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of volume determinations using the commercially available Seattle ShapeMaker CAD/CAM system for production of prosthetic sockets and to compare it with the commercially available CAPOD system. We used three types of reference objects for volumetric determinations: steel tubes, plaster of Paris casts, and residual limb models. Three different sizes were examined for each type of object. Volume measurements with the two CAD/CAM systems were compared with measurements obtained by water filling, water immersion, or mathematical calculation (tubes only). We found an inconsistent systematic error of less than 3.1% for ShapeMaker and no systematic error for CAPOD. Random errors, represented by the coefficient of variation, were below 1.3% for the ShapeMaker and, in most cases, below 0.4% for the CAPOD. Theoretical changes in volume of 2.6% and 0.8% are possible to detect with these CAD/CAM systems. In our opinion, both systems have sufficient precision for routine clinical use in prosthetics and orthotics. However, in our study, the ShapeMaker committed larger random and systematic errors than CAPOD. This means that, according to our study, CAPOD offers the best possibility to determine and detect small changes in residual limb volume as a function of time.
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PMID:Accuracy and precision of volumetric determinations using two commercial CAD systems for prosthetics: a technical note. 950 50

The utility of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a preformulation tool to determine the physicochemical properties of amorphous polymers such as the hydration characteristics, glass transition temperatures and rheological properties was investigated. The neural network simulator, CAD/Chem, based on the delta back-propagation paradigm was used for this study. The ANNs software was trained with sets of experimental data consisting of different polymer blends with known water-uptake profiles, glass transition temperatures and viscosity values. A set of similar data, not initially exposed to the ANNs was used to validate the ability of the ANNs to recognize patterns. The results of this investigation indicate that the ANNs accurately predicted the water-uptake, glass transition temperatures and viscosities of different amorphous polymers and their physical blends with a low % error (0-8%) of prediction. The ANNs also showed good correlation between the water-uptake and changes in the glass transition temperatures of the polymers. This study demonstrated the potential of the ANNs as a preformulation tool to evaluate the characteristics of amorphous polymers. This is particularly relevant when designing sustained release formulations that require the use of a fast hydrating polymer matrix.
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PMID:Preformulation studies and characterization of the physicochemical properties of amorphous polymers using artificial neural networks. 1067 5

An experiment was conducted to test the effect of dietary cation-anion difference (CAD, Na(+) + K(+)-Cl(-), mEq/kg diet) and xylanase addition on feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, plasma electrolyte balance and growth performance in young pigs. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement with three dietary CAD levels (-100, 200, and 500 mEq/kg) and two levels of xylanase supplementation (0 and 0.1% xylanase derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum) was used. Thirty-six individually housed, castrated pigs (5 weeks old) with an initial body weight of 9.34 +/- 0.28 kg (mean +/- SEM) were randomly assigned to the six treatments. Diets were provided to pigs as cold pellets. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water. Venous plasma Cl(-) concentration was higher (p < 0.0001) in dietary CAD of - 100 mEq/kg group compared with the other two CAD groups. Dietary CAD did not affect Na(+) and K(+) concentrations in the venous plasma. Growth rates were higher (p < 0.05) in pigs receiving dietary CAD of 200 mEq/kg (657 g/pig.day) and dietary CAD of 500 mEq/kg (603 g/pig.day) than in pigs receiving dietary CAD of -100 mEq/kg (484 g/pig.day). Faecal dry matter and nitrogen decreased with increasing dietary CAD. Faecal apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was higher (p < 0.05) in the dietary CAD of 500 mEq/kg compared to the two lower level CAD groups. Supplementation of xylanase did not affect the performance of pigs. Xylanase addition in the diet significantly increased apparent faecal digestibility of dry matter and tended to increase apparent digestibility of nitrogen. No interaction between dietary CAD and xylanase was found. In conclusion, dietary CAD influenced the performance and digestibility of nutrients of pigs. Xylanase supplementation improved digestibility of dry matter.
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PMID:Feed intake, growth, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen in young pigs as affected by dietary cation-anion difference and supplementation of xylanase. 1168 78

The material and antagonist wear of two CAD/CAM ceramic materials, the laboratory-processed IPS Empress ceramic, and the composite mill block material MZ100 were tested in an artificial wear simulator with human enamel as the antagonistic material. The material samples underwent 50,000 test cycles (1 cycle per second, 50 N) in distilled water. The wear of the material samples and of the opposing enamel was documented after 30,000 and 50,000 cycles with replicas, digitized, and evaluated with a 3D evaluation system. The loss of volume and height caused by wear was calculated. No significant difference between the ceramic materials could be found either in the amount of material or in the amount of antagonist wear. The material wear of MZ100 differed significantly from Vita Mark II only in terms of volume loss. Regarding height loss, MZ100 exhibited a significantly higher wear than all ceramic materials. The wear of the enamel antagonists does not differ significantly between the ceramic materials. With MZ100, however, a significantly smaller amount of enamel wear was found when compared with Empress and Vita Mark II. Despite the highest material wear, MZ100 had the lowest material wear rate, the lowest enamel wear rate, and the lowest total wear rate. The laboratory-processed IPS Empress material had a clearly higher material wear rate than the CAD/CAM materials.
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PMID:Wear evaluation of MZ100 compared to ceramic CAD/CAM materials. 1186 84


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