Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:4.1.1.49 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase)
 4,654 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacteroides succinogenes produces acetate and succinate as major products of carbohydrate fermentation. An investigation of the enzymes involved indicated that pyruvate is oxidized by a flavin-dependent pyruvate cleavage enzyme to acetyl-CoA and CO2. Active CO2 exchange is associated with the pyruvate oxidation system. Reduction of flavin nucleotides is CoASH-dependent and does not require ferredoxin. Acetyl-CoA is further metabolized via acetyl phosphate to acetate and ATP. Reduced flavin nucleotide is used to reduce fumarate to succinate by a particulate flavin-specific fumarate reductase reaction which may involve cytochrome b. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is carboxylated to oxalacetate by a GDP- specific PEP carboxykinase. Oxalacetate, in turn, is converted to malate by a pyridine nucleotide-dependent malate dehydrogenase. The organism has a NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The data suggest that reduced pyridine nucleotides generated during glycolysis are oxidized in malate formation and that the electrons generated during pyruvate oxidation are used to reduce fumarate to succinate.
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PMID:The pathway of formation of acetate and succinate from pyruvate by Bacteroides succinogenes. 67 20

In response to salinity or drought stress, the facultative halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum will switch from C3 photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). During this switch, the transcription rates of many genes encoding glycolytic, gluconeoagenic, and malate metabolism enzymes are increased. In particular, transcription of the Ppc1 and Gap1 genes encoding a CAM-specific isozyme of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively, is increased by salinity stress. To investigate the molecular basis of salt-induced gene regulation, we examined the Ppc1 and Gap1 promoters for cis-elements and trans-acting factors that may participate in their expression. Ppc1 or Gap1 promoter-beta-glucuronidase chimeric gene constructs containing various deletions were introduced into intact, detached M. crystallinum leaves by microprojectile bombardmen. The Ppc1 5'-flanking region contains several salt-responsive enhancer regions and one silencer region reflecting the complex regulation patterns exhibited by this promoter in vivo. A region localized between nucleotides -977 and -487 relative to the transcriptional start site appears to regulate the magnitude of salt-inducibility. In contrast, the Gap1 promoter contains a single region from -735 to -549 that confers salt-responsive gene expression. Alignment of these 5'-flanking regions reveals several common sequence motifs that resemble consensus binding sites for the Myb class of transcription factors. Electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays indicate that both the -877 to -679 region of Ppc1 and the -735 to -549 region of Gap1 form a DNA-protein complex unique to nuclear extracts from salt-stressed plants. The appearance of this DNA-protein complex upon salt stress suggests that it may participate in salt-induced transcriptional activation of Ppc1 and Gap1.
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PMID:Identification of enhancer and silencer regions involved in salt-responsive expression of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) genes in the facultative halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. 759 7