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Query: EC:4.1.1.32 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase)
 4,204 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This work was done to discover how those nonphotosynthetic tissues of the Araceae that become thermogenic release, as CO2, carbon recently fixed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Extracts of clubs of the spadix of Arum maculatum showed no activity for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and low activities of NADP malic enzyme. NAD malic enzyme activity in the above extracts and in those of thermogenic tissues of other Araceae was appreciable. Analysis of homogenates of clubs of Typhonium giraldii by differential centrifugation and sucrose gradients showed that NAD malic enzyme was confined to mitochondria. Centrifugation of mitochondria after freezing and thawing left all the NAD malic enzyme in the supernatant. NAD malic enzyme in isolated, intact mitochondria was completely latent, and was completely protected from exogenous trypsin. The responses of this latency and protection to different concentrations of Triton X-100 suggested that none of the NAD malic enzyme was accessible from either the outside or the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. Treatment of excised clubs of A. maculatum with 2-N-butylmalonate largely prevented the development of the rapid respiration responsible for thermogenesis, and severely inhibited dark fixation of 14CO2. The conclusion is that in mature clubs of the Araceae phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to malate in the cytosol by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NAD malate dehydrogenase, and that this malate then enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted to pyruvate by NAD malic enzyme.
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PMID:Role and location of NAD malic enzyme in thermogenic tissues of Araceae. 642 Dec 32

The object of this work was to investigate the operation of enzymes of the citric acid cycle, the glyoxylate pathway, the glucose metabolism as well as of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 640x capable of complete degradation of DDT under the conditions of cometabolism. The activity of isocitrate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases producing reduced NADP, which is required for reductive dechlorination of DDT, appears to be high. Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31.) function simultaneously in the culture. Differences in the pathways of anaplerotic carbon dioxide fixation were found in P. aeruginosa 640x and the collection strain of P. aeruginosa PAO incapable of DDT degradation.
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PMID:[Central metabolic characteristics of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture degrading DDT]. 680 12

It has previously been suggested that the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) in Aspergillus nidulans is regulated by a repression-derepression mechanism involving a glycolytic intermediate, and not by induction. Results obtained using compounds that enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle via 2-oxoglutarate, and that can supply both a carbon and a nitrogen source for A. nidulans, suggest it is more likely that the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is inducible, and only weakly regulated by carbon catabolite repression. a similar study of the regulation of the NADP-linked malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) indicates that it too may be inducible.
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PMID:The regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the NADP-linked malic enzyme in Aspergillus nidulans. 703 61

With few exceptions, the specific activities of the glycolytic enzymes and the steady-state content of glycolytic and associated intermediates in protoscoleces of the horse (E.g.H) and sheep (E.g.S) strains of Echinococcus granulosus and the closely related E. multilocularis (E.m.) are very similar. Phosphorylase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase catalyse non-equilibrium reactions and the patterns of activity for pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme are similar in the three organisms. The levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in E.g.H., E.g.S. and E.m. are of the same order as those reported in tissues with an active cycle. Each has a complete sequence of cycle enzymes but there are substantial differences between the three parasites with regard to the activity of individual enzymes. The activities of NAD and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases are significantly lower in E.g.H. than in E.g.S. and particularly in E.m. which suggests that the tricarboxylic acid cycle may play a more important role in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production in the latter parasites. Nevertheless, the three organisms utilize fermentative pathways for alternative energy production, fix carbon dioxide via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and have a partial reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is speculated that in vivo more carbon will be channelled towards oxaloacetate than pyruvate at the phosphonenolpyruvate branch point. The steady state content of ATP and the ATP/AMP ratios are low in the three organisms, suggesting a low rate of ATP utilization in each.
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PMID:Intermediary carbohydrate metabolism in protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (horse and sheep strains) and E. multilocularis. 707 Aug 45

The activity of enzymes with a regulatory function in the pathways of glycolysis, glyconeogenesis and NADP-generation, and the tissue content of DNA, protein, glycogen, triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), cholesterol and dry matter were investigated in placentas from deliveries accompanied by fetal distress as a result of umbilical cord compression or placental dysfunction in toxemic pregnancies. In placentas from cases of fetal distress due to umbilical cord compression, there was increased activity of pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and decreased activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase was unchanged, and that of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was slightly elevated. The tissue content of dry matter, DNA, TG and PL was increased, whereas the protein, cholesterol and glycogen concentrations remained unaltered. In placentas from deliveries accompanied by fetal distress due to placental dysfunction, pyruvate kinase, when calculated per mg protein, was the only enzyme with decreased activity. TG, PL, glycogen and dry matter content were increased, DNA concentration was decreased, and protein and cholesterol remained unchanged. It is suggested that the divergent placental metabolic patterns found in the two fetal distress groups are related to the different levels of disturbed oxygen passage along the uterus-placenta-fetus axis.
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PMID:The placenta in intrauterine fetal deprivation. II. Biochemical profile of placentas from deliveries associated with fetal distress. 735 17

Rabbit, pigeon and rat liver mitochondria convert exogenous phosphoenolpyruvate and acetylcarnitine to citrate at rates of 14, 74 and 8 nmol/15 min/mg protein. Citrate formation is dependent on exogenous HCO3-, is increased consistently by exogenous nucleotides (GDP, IDP, GTP, ADP, ATP) and inhibited strongly by 3-mercaptopicolinate and 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate. Citrate is not made from pyruvate alone or combined with acetylcarnitine. Pigeon and rat liver mitochondria make large amounts of citrate from exogenous succinate, suggesting the presence of an endogenous source of acetyl units or means of converting oxalacetate to acetyl units. Citrate synthesis from succinate by pigeon and rabbit mitochondria is increased significantly by exogenous acetylcarnitine. Pigeon and rat liver contain 80 and 15 times, respectively, more ATP:citrate lyase activity than does rabbit liver. Data suggest that mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in vivo could convert glycolysis-derived phosphoenolpyruvate to oxalacetate that, with acetyl CoA, could form citrate for export to support cytosolic lipogenesis as an activator of acetyl CoA carboxylase, a carbon source via ATP:citrate lyase and NADPH via NADP:malate dehydrogenase or NADP:isocitrate dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Synthesis of citrate from phosphoenolpyruvate and acetylcarnitine by mitochondria from rabbit, pigeon and rat liver: implications for lipogenesis. 884 May 17

Enterocytes from fasted rabbits make glucose from exogenous fructose and dihydroxyacetone at rates of 180 and 91 nmol/min/10(8) cells but do not make glucose from glycerol, aspartate, malate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate or glutamine. Total activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase in isolated enterocytes are 0.44, 0.60 and 1.90 mumol/min/10(8) cells, and > or = 95% of carboxykinase activity is intramitochondrial. Enterocytes contain marginal glycerol kinase (0.05 mumol/ min/10(8) cells) and essentially no pyruvate carboxylase activities. Enterocyte mitochondria synthesize citrate from exogenous phosphoenolpyruvate and acetylcarnitine at a rate of 2.40 nmol/min/mg protein. Citrate formation is highly dependent on exogenous HCO3 and inhibited strongly by 3-mercaptopicolinate and 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate. Citrate synthesis is stimulated consistently by GDP and significantly so by GTP. Citrate production is unaffected by ADP or ATP. Enterocytes from fasted-refed rabbits contain activities of 0.05, 0.12, 0.39 and 0.56 mumol/min/mg cytosolic protein of ATP:citrate lyase, NADP:malate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP:isocitrate dehydrogenase. Activities of NADP:malate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP:isocitrate dehydrogenase are significantly higher in enterocytes from fasted-refed rabbits than those from fasted rabbits. Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in enterocytes in vivo could convert glycolysis-derived phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate that, with acetyl CoA, could form citrate for export to support cytosolic lipogenesis as an activator of acetyl CoA carboxylase, a source of carbon via ATP:citrate lyase and of NADPH via NADP:malate dehydrogenase or NADP:isocitrate dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Synthesis of citrate from phosphoenolpyruvate and acetylcarnitine by mitochondria from rabbit enterocytes: implications for lipogenesis. 946 72

The initiation of further development is fundamental to the infectious processes of parasitic nematodes. We have examined early developmental activation of Trichinella spiralis larvae during host invasion, with particular emphasis on the timing of events. Using a novel approach, we have observed changes in tissue-specific transcriptional activity in live larvae during the infectious process with the fluorescent nucleic acid dyes SYTO12 and acridine orange. Simultaneously, the metabolic switch from anaerobic metabolism, characteristics of the infective stage, to aerobic metabolism, as found in the enteral stages, was tracked by measuring activities of the key regulatory enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate kinase, as well as isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP) activity, and used as a co-indicator for developmental activation. Both metabolic enzyme activities and transcription patterns were found to change in response to host death, liberation from the nurse cell, and exposure to components of the host stomach environment. The results give a clear indication that the activation processes of T. spiralis infective larvae occur at a much earlier time than previously thought, and are stimulated upon liberation of the larvae from the nurse cell inside the host stomach.
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PMID:Developmental activation of infective Trichinella spiralis larvae. 982 Aug 58

The compartmentation of key processes in sugar, organic acid and amino acid metabolism was studied during the development of the flesh and seeds of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries. Antibodies specific for enzymes involved in sugar (cell wall and vacuolar invertases, pyrophosphate: fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase, aldolase, NADP-glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase, cytosolic fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase), photosynthesis (Rubisco, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase), amino acid metabolism (cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases, alanine aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase), organic acid metabolism (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, NAD- and NADP-dependent malic enzyme, ascorbate peroxidase), and lipid metabolism (acetyl CoA carboxylase, isocitrate lyase) were used to determine how their abundance changed during development. There were marked changes in the abundance of many of these enzymes in both the flesh and seeds. The intercellular location of some enzymes was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Several enzymes (e.g. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and those involved in amino acid metabolism) were associated with tissues likely to function in the transport of imported assimilates, such as the vasculature. Although other enzymes (e.g. NADP-malic enzyme and soluble acid invertase, involved in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids) were largely present in the parenchyma cells of the flesh, their distribution was extremely heterogeneous. This study shows that when considering the metabolism of complex structures such as fruit, it is essential to consider how metabolism is compartmentalized between and within different tissues, even when they are apparently structurally homogeneous.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the compartmentation of metabolism during the development of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries. 1093 59

I compared the C(4) grass flora and climatic records for 32 sites in the United States. Consistent with previous studies, I found that the proportion of the grass flora that uses the NADP malic enzyme (NADP-ME) variant of C(4) photosynthesis greatly increases with increasing annual precipitation, while the proportion using the NAD malic enzyme (NAD-ME) variant (and also the less common phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [PCK] variant) decreases. However the association of grass subfamilies with annual precipitation was even stronger than for the C(4) decarboxylation variants. Analysis of the patterns of distribution by partial correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the frequency of various C(4) types and rainfall were solely due to the association of the C(4) types with particular grass subfamilies. In contrast, there was a strong correlation of the frequency of the different subfamilies with annual precipitation that was independent of the influence of the different C(4) variants. It therefore appears that other, as yet unidentified, characteristics that differ among grass subfamilies may be responsible for their differences in distribution across natural precipitation gradients.
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PMID:Climate and the U.S. distribution of C4 grass subfamilies and decarboxylation variants of C4 photosynthesis. 1094 7


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