Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:4.1.1.32 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase)
 4,204 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recently, it has been reported that paromomycin sulfate has marked anthelmintic efficacy against tapeworm infections in man. In the present study this drug was used in the treatment of 14 cases of diphyllobothriasis latum and 1 case of taeniasis saginata. Also, the actions of paromomycin sulfate on Diphyllobothrium ditremum and D. erinacei were examined pharmacologically using Magnus apparatus and biochemical methods. The results obtained were as follows. For the treatment, a total of 50 mg/kg of paromomycin sulfate divided into 2 doses was given orally at intervals of 30 minutes. Two hours after medication, 20 g of magnesium sulfate dissolved in 200--300 ml of water was given as purgative. One or 2 worms were found in the stools of 11 cases with D. latum and 1 case with T. saginata within 24 hours after medication, but scolex was found in only 2 of them. All cases were negative for the eggs or segments in stool examinations at 1 and 3 months after treatment. Except 1 case complained mild and transient vomiting no side effects were noticed. All cases showed no abnormality in blood examination, liver function test and urinalysis. Both of the proglottids of D. ditremum and D. erinacei showed muscle relaxation in Tyrode solution containing 10(-4) g/ml of paromomycin sulfate. In D. ditremum the recovery of muscle tonus was observed within 10--15 minutes after affection of this drug, while the persistence of muscle relaxation was seen in D. erinacei. The activity of phosphoglucose isomerase was slightly inhibited by 10(-3) M paromomycin sulfate while those of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were not inhibited. In phosphoenolpyruvate-succinate pathway, the activity of fumarate reductase was slightly inhibited 10(-3) M paromomycin sulfate while those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malate dehydrogenase were not inhibited.
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PMID:[Efficacy of paromomycin sulfate against human cestodiasis and its pharmacological action on tapeworm in vitro]. 687 66

The plasma levels of corticosterone, insulin and glucagon, and the concomitant changes in the levels of several liver enzymes and metabolites were measured in intact rats in the basal state during 24 hours and under conditions of food deprivation and hypoxia. The levels of the following enzymes and metabolites were examined: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, glycogen, fructose-6-phosphate, hexokinase, tyrosine amino-transferase and tryptophan oxygenase. During food deprivation, the increased gluconeogenesis is possibly a result of glucagon activity. In contrast, however, during hypoxia the increase in gluconeogenesis seems to be a result of the higher plasma level of corticosterone. During starvation, the insulin concentration dropped steadily and came close to zero.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of glucose, corticosterone, glucagon and insulin and liver content of metabolic substrates and enzymes during starvation and additional hypoxia in the rat. 703 Aug 99

With few exceptions, the specific activities of the glycolytic enzymes and the steady-state content of glycolytic and associated intermediates in protoscoleces of the horse (E.g.H) and sheep (E.g.S) strains of Echinococcus granulosus and the closely related E. multilocularis (E.m.) are very similar. Phosphorylase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase catalyse non-equilibrium reactions and the patterns of activity for pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme are similar in the three organisms. The levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in E.g.H., E.g.S. and E.m. are of the same order as those reported in tissues with an active cycle. Each has a complete sequence of cycle enzymes but there are substantial differences between the three parasites with regard to the activity of individual enzymes. The activities of NAD and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases are significantly lower in E.g.H. than in E.g.S. and particularly in E.m. which suggests that the tricarboxylic acid cycle may play a more important role in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production in the latter parasites. Nevertheless, the three organisms utilize fermentative pathways for alternative energy production, fix carbon dioxide via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and have a partial reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is speculated that in vivo more carbon will be channelled towards oxaloacetate than pyruvate at the phosphonenolpyruvate branch point. The steady state content of ATP and the ATP/AMP ratios are low in the three organisms, suggesting a low rate of ATP utilization in each.
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PMID:Intermediary carbohydrate metabolism in protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (horse and sheep strains) and E. multilocularis. 707 Aug 45

The effect of 90% jejunoileal bypass procedure on liver enzymes was evaluated in 11 obese Zucker fat rats after a 50% weight loss. Control tissues were also collected from 11 unoperated obese rats. In the jejunoileal bypass group, there was a significant decrease in phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Pyruvate carboxylase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not altered. Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, aldolase, aspartate aminotransferase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities were increased in the jejunoileal bypass group. These studies suggest that after jejunoileal bypass glycolysis is reduced and gluconeogenesis is increased. Amino acids may provide an essential energy source for hepatic function.
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PMID:Changes in hepatic carbohydrate metabolism after jejunoileal bypass. 707 18

As part of an ongoing search for diabetes susceptibility loci, we tested linkage with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) for 19 candidate loci or regions chosen for their potential to affect directly or indirectly the action of insulin. Loci were associated with insulin resistance, known effects on lipid metabolism, or effects on glucose metabolism or insulin action. Loci included the insulin-responsive (GLUT4) glucose transporter, hexokinase 2, glucagon, growth hormone, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, hepatic and muscle forms of pyruvate kinase, hepatic phosphofructokinase, the apolipoprotein B and the apolipoprotein A2 cluster, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic triglyceride lipase, the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor, and the Pima insulin resistance locus on chromosome 4. For several candidates, no specific informative marker was available; consequently, we tested the surrounding region with highly informative markers. These regions included the diabetes-associated ras-like gene, rad, and the cholesterol ester-transfer gene, both mapped to chromosome 16. Additionally, we tested for linkage with markers at the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene and the Friedreich's ataxia region. All regions were tested for linkage with microsatellite polymorphisms in > 450 individuals from a minimum of 16 Caucasian families under parametric (LINKAGE 5.1) and nonparametric (affected pedigree member) models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Linkage analysis of 19 candidate regions for insulin resistance in familial NIDDM. 758 21

Enzymatic activities involved in glucose fermentation of Actinomyces naeslundii were studied with glucose-grown cells from batch cultures. Glucose could be phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate by a glucokinase that utilized polyphosphate and GTP instead of ATP as a phosphoryl donor. Glucose 6-phosphate was further metabolized to the end products lactate, formate, acetate, and succinate through the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. The phosphoryl donor for phosphofructokinase was only PPi. Phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase, and acetate kinase coupled GDP as well as ADP, but P(i) compounds were not their phosphoryl acceptor. Cell extracts showed GDP-dependent activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which assimilates bicarbonate and phosphoenolpyruvate into oxaloacetate, a precursor of succinate. Considerable amounts of GTP, polyphosphate, and PPi were found in glucose-fermenting cells, indicating that these compounds may serve as phosphoryl donors or acceptors in Actinomyces cells. PPi could be generated from UTP and glucose 1-phosphate through catalysis of UDP-glucose synthase, which provides UDP-glucose, a precursor of glycogen.
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PMID:Phosphorylating enzymes involved in glucose fermentation of Actinomyces naeslundii. 759 27

We have studied the effects of the diuretics mersalyl, furosemide and ethacrynic acid on renal gluconeogenesis is isolated rat-kidney tubules and on the activities of the most important gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes in both fed and fasted rats. Mersalyl (15 mg.kg-1 animal weight) significantly decreased the rate of gluconeogenesis in well-fed rats (68%) as well as in 24 and 48-h fasted ones (33 and 37% respectively). This inhibition occurred when lactate, pyruvate, glycerol or fructose were used as substrates. Ethacrynic acid at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 animal weight provoked a transient inhibition of renal glucose production by almost 20% but only in fed rats with lactate as substrate, whereas the same dose of furosemide did not affect this metabolic pathway. Parallel to these changes, mersalyl caused a significant inhibition in the maximum activity of the most important gluconeogenic enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase, in both fed and fasted rats. Neither ethacrynic acid nor furosemide produced any variations in the activities of these enzymes. The activity of the glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase was not modified by these diuretics. Nevertheless, the activity of the thiol-enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was severely inhibited by mersalyl and to a lesser extent by the other diuretics. This inhibition was higher in fasted than fed rats. Hence, we conclude that the inhibitory effect of mersalyl on renal gluconeogenesis is due, at least partly, to a decrease in the flux through the gluconeogenic enzymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Metabolic adaptation of renal carbohydrate metabolism. V. In vivo response of rat renal-tubule gluconeogenesis to different diuretics. 784 86

The elasticities for the different steps of carbohydrate catabolism in the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta were estimated from perturbation experiments. These data were then used to calculate flux and metabolite control coefficients. Enzyme elasticities were also calculated from the rate equations and an independent estimate of the flux control coefficients for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was made by inhibitor titration. The values obtained for the flux control coefficients for carbohydrate breakdown in H. diminuta are consistent with how the pathway is thought to be controlled in vivo. A sensitivity analysis of the flux control coefficients of the important regulatory enzymes in the pathway shows that for hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase there are three or four key elasticities which have a significant effect on the coefficient. For glycogen synthase, the major factor in determining the magnitude of the flux control coefficient is the relative flux through the branch.
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PMID:Quantification of the control of carbohydrate catabolism in the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. 812 48

Expression of key regulatory enzymes involved in glucose metabolism was studied in the livers of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The activity and mRNA levels of glucokinase and L-type pyruvate kinase was increased in the liver of OLETF rats compared with control rats. There was no such remarkable change in liver-type phosphofructokinase. The activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase also increase despite high plasma levels of glucose and insulin. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase did not show any significant change. The mRNA levels for fructose-1,6-biphosphatase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase exhibited no marked changes. These results suggest that the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase is disordered in OLETF rats.
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PMID:Disordered expression of hepatic glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats with spontanteous long-term hyperglycemia. 860 25

Glycogen content as well as glycolytic, gluconeogenic and fatty acid synthesis enzyme activities were monitored in young and adult male rats fed diets differing in fat content: 11% (low), 22% (medium) and 42% (high) of total energy from fat. The results showed significant differences in the responses of young and adult rats to changes in dietary fat and carbohydrate. In young animals, increasing dietary fat decreased total liver glycogen phosphorylase (GP), pyruvate kinase (PK), glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme (ME), ATP-citrate lyase (ATP-CL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Increasing dietary fat also affected enzyme levels in other tissues: hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities decreased whereas skeletal muscle PK activity increased. The pattern of enzyme changes was similar in livers of fed adults with the exception that liver GP was not affected by dietary manipulations. Overnight food deprivation decreased liver glucokinase (GK), ME, ATP-CL, and FAS activities and increased liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and phosphofructokinase in both young and adult animals. In young animals, food deprivation also: (i) reduced liver GK and PK, (ii) increased kidney PEPCK, (iii) decreased muscle PEPCK and (iv) decreased kidney PDH. Food-deprived adults had increased skeletal muscle PEPCK and kidney glycogen synthetase as well as decreased kidney PEPCK muscle GP activity. These differences suggest that young animals are somewhat more responsive to changes in dietary manipulations. They also show that overnight food restriction causes a more profound metabolic re-organization in younger than in older animals.
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PMID:Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in young and adult rats fed diets differing in fat and carbohydrate. 881 10


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