Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.4.4 (kinesin)
5,033 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

ncd is a kinesin-related motor protein from Drosophila that moves in the opposite direction along microtubules to kinesin. To learn more about the ncd mechanism, ncd motor domain (R335-K700) was expressed in Escherichia coli and its enzymatic characteristics were studied. The ncd motor domain was purified from the cell lysate by S-Sepharose chromatography, and trace amounts of contaminants were removed by passing through a MonoQ column. The yield was 20 mg from a 500 mL culture of E. coli. The purified ncd motor domain exhibited an unusual UV spectrum with a broad peak around 272-275 nm, which was at least partly due to the bound nucleotide. Upon incubation with radioactive ATP, 3H at adenine but not 32P at gamma-phosphate was retained by the protein on gel filtration, indicating it bound ADP but not ATP. Thus, like kinesin, nucleotide binding to the ncd motor domain is tight, although there is an equilibrium between the protein and free nucleotide. We also used a fluorescent ATP analogue, mantATP, for the kinetic study of ncd motor domain. MantATP was turned over by ncd motor domain slowly in the absence of microtubules, but microtubules activated the turnover to a similar extent to that of ATP. Upon incubation with ncd motor domain, the fluorescent intensity of mantATP increased at 0.005 s-1, which is likely to reflect the release of endogenous ADP and incorporation of mantATP into the protein. The fluorescence intensity of the ncd motor domain having bound mantADP, likewise, decreased upon mixing with ATP, representing the mantADP release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Expression, purification, ATPase properties, and microtubule-binding properties of the ncd motor domain. 754 90

The heterotrimeric kinesin-related motor protein, KRP85/95 is assembled from two kinesin-related polypeptides, SpKRP85 and SpKRP95, together with an uncharacterized 115 kDa polypeptide. Here we report the deduced amino acid sequence of SpKRP95, a close relative of SpKRP85. Both SpKRP85 and SpKRP95 are predicted to have a tripartite domain organization consisting of an N-terminal motor domain, a central stalk domain capable of coiled-coil formation, and a second globular C-terminal domain. The sequences of the central stalk domains predict that SpKRP85 and SpKRP95 should be capable of forming heterodimeric coiled coils. Furthermore, SpKRP85-SpKRP95 complexes can be immunoprecipitated from a cell-free translation system, providing direct evidence that SpKRP85 and SpKRP95 are capable of heterodimerization.
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PMID:Heterodimerization of the two motor subunits of the heterotrimeric kinesin, KRP85/95. 767 98

We have developed a biochemical screen for the identification of kinesin-related proteins (KRPs) in their natural host cells and the subsequent purification of these KRPs as native, functional multimeric complexes. The screen involves immunoblotting with pan-kinesin peptide antibodies that recognize several presumptive KRPs in cytosolic extracts; the antibodies have been used so far to monitor the purification of two bona fide kinesin-related motor protein complexes. These two KRPs were purified via AMPPNP-induced microtubule affinity binding, ATP-induced elution from AMPPNP microtubules, gel filtration fractionation, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. KRP(85/95) from sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) eggs behaves as a heterotrimeric complex of 85-, 95-, and 115-kDa subunits that moves toward the plus ends of microtubule tracks at approximately 0.4 micron/s. KRP(130) from fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster) embryos behaves as a homotetrameric complex of four 130-kDa subunits that moves toward the plus ends of microtubule tracks at approximately 0.04 micron/s. To our knowledge, KRP(85/95) and KRP(130) are the only KRPs to have been purified from native tissue as functional multimeric motor complexes.
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PMID:Purification of kinesin-related protein complexes from eggs and embryos. 778 59

Ncd is a kinesin-related motor protein which drives movement to the minus-end of microtubules. The kinetics of Ncd were investigated using the dimeric construct MC1 (Leu(209)-Lys(700)) expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE) as a nonfusion protein [Chandra, R., Salmon, E. D., Erickson, H. P., Lockhart, A., and Endow, S. A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9005-9013]. Acid chemical quench flow methods were used to measure directly the rate of ATP hydrolysis, and stopped-flow kinetic methods were used to determine the kinetics of mantATP binding, mantADP release, dissociation of MC1 from the microtubule, and binding of MC1 to the microtubule. The results define a minimal kinetic mechanism, M.N + ATP M.N.ATP M.N.ADP.P N. ADP.P N.ADP + P M.N.ADP M.N + ADP, where N, M, and P represent Ncd, microtubules, and inorganic phosphate respectively, with k(+1) = 2.3 microM(-1) s(-1), k(+2) =23 s(-1), k(+3) =13 s(-1), k(+5)= 0.7 microM(-)(1) s(-)(1), and k(+6) = 3.7 s(-)(1). Phosphate release (k(+4)) was not measured directly although it is assumed to be fast relative to ADP release because Ncd is purified with ADP tightly bound at the active site. ATP hydrolysis occurs at 23 s(-)(1) prior to Ncd dissociation at 13 s(-)(1). The pathway for ATP-promoted detachment (steps 1-3) of Ncd from the microtubule is comparable to kinesin's. However, there are two major differences between the mechanisms of Ncd and kinesin. In contrast to kinesin, mantADP release for Ncd at 3.7 s(-)(1) is the slowest step in the pathway and is believed to limit steady-state turnover. Additionally, the burst amplitude observed in the pre-steady-state acid quench experiments is stoichiometric, indicating that Ncd, in contrast to kinesin, is not processive for ATP hydrolysis.
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PMID:Kinetic studies of dimeric Ncd: evidence that Ncd is not processive. 1067 28

Several members of the kinesin family of microtubule motor proteins play essential roles in mitotic spindle function and are potential targets for the discovery of novel antimitotic cancer therapies. KSP, also known as HsEg5, is a kinesin that plays an essential role in formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle and is required for cell cycle progression through mitosis. We identified a potent inhibitor of KSP, CK0106023, which causes mitotic arrest and growth inhibition in several human tumor cell lines. Here we show that CK0106023 is an allosteric inhibitor of KSP motor domain ATPase with a Ki of 12 nM. Among five kinesins tested, CK0106023 was specific for KSP. In tumor-bearing mice, CK0106023 exhibited antitumor activity comparable to or exceeding that of paclitaxel and caused the formation of monopolar mitotic figures identical to those produced in cultured cells. KSP was most abundant in proliferating human tissues and was absent from cultured postmitotic neurons. These findings are the first to demonstrate the feasibility of targeting mitotic kinesins for the treatment of cancer.
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PMID:Antitumor activity of a kinesin inhibitor. 1512 70

Eg5 is a slow, plus-end-directed microtubule-based motor of the BimC kinesin family that is essential for bipolar spindle formation during eukaryotic cell division. We have analyzed two human Eg5/KSP motors, Eg5-367 and Eg5-437, and both are monomeric based on results from sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation as well as analytical gel filtration. The steady-state parameters were: for Eg5-367: k(cat) = 5.5 s(-1), K(1/2,Mt) = 0.7 microm, and K(m,ATP) = 25 microm; and for Eg5-437: k(cat) = 2.9 s(-1), K(1/2,Mt) = 4.5 microm, and K(m,ATP) = 19 microm. 2'(3')-O-(N-Methylanthraniloyl)-ATP (mantATP) binding was rapid at 2-3 microm(-1)s(-1), followed immediately by ATP hydrolysis at 15 s(-1). ATP-dependent Mt.Eg5 dissociation was relatively slow and rate-limiting at 8 s(-1) with mantADP release at 40 s(-1). Surprisingly, Eg5-367 binds microtubules more effectively (11 microm(-1)s(-1)) than Eg5-437 (0.7 microm(-1)s(-1)), consistent with the steady-state K(1/2,Mt) and the mantADP release K(1/2,Mt). These results indicate that the ATPase pathway for monomeric Eg5 is more similar to conventional kinesin than the spindle motors Ncd and Kar3, where ADP product release is rate-limiting for steady-state turnover.
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PMID:Mechanistic analysis of the mitotic kinesin Eg5. 1524 93

Kinesin motor proteins utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to transport cellular cargo along microtubules. Kinesins that play essential roles in the mechanics of mitosis are attractive targets for novel antimitotic cancer therapies. Monastrol, a cell-permeable inhibitor that specifically inhibits the kinesin Eg5, the Xenopus laevis homologue of human KSP, can cause mitotic arrest and monopolar spindle formation. In this study, we show that the extent of monastrol inhibition of KSP microtubule-stimulated ATP hydrolysis is highly dependent upon ionic strength. Detailed kinetic analysis of KSP inhibition by monastrol in the presence and absence of microtubules suggests that monastrol binds to the KSP-ADP complex, forming a KSP-ADP-monastrol ternary complex, which cannot bind to microtubules productively and cannot undergo further ATP-driven conformational changes.
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PMID:Mechanism of inhibition of human KSP by monastrol: insights from kinetic analysis and the effect of ionic strength on KSP inhibition. 1556 18

Kinesins, mechanochemical enzymes that utilize the energy of ATP to translocate along or destabilize microtubules, are essential for accurate completion of cell division. Recently, small moleculer inhibitors of one kinesin, kinesin spindle protein (KSP/Eg5/kinesin5), have been shown to be efficacious in pre-clinical studies, with one quinazolinone-based inhibitor advancing to Phase II clinical trials as a potential anticancer chemotherapeutic agent. This highlights the potential of KSP and other mitotic kinesins as targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. Ten other kinesins have been shown to play essential roles in cell division and thus may provide additional therapeutic opportunities. In this review, the biological roles of these proteins are described with emphasis on their importance to cell proliferation. In addition, kinesin motor domain structure and mechanism are described with particular attention given to the conformational changes that offer opportunities for chemical inhibition. Finally, a current list of KSP inhibitor classes is described in the context of their potential as clinical leads.
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PMID:Mitotic kinesins: prospects for antimitotic drug discovery. 1585 42

KIF1A, a kinesin-related motor protein that transports pre-synaptic vesicles in neurons, was originally presumed to translocate along microtubules (MT) as a monomer. Protein structure predictions from its amino acid sequence failed to identify the long coiled-coil domains typical of kinesins, which led researchers to believe it does not oligomerize into the canonical kinesin dimer. However, mounting evidence using recombinant chimeric protein indicates that KIF1A, like conventional kinesin, requires dimerization for fast, unidirectional processive movement along MTs. Because these studies are somewhat indirect, we wished to test the oligomerization state of native KIF1A, and to compare that to full-length recombinant protein. We have performed hydrodynamic analyses to determine the molecular weights of the respective complexes. Our results indicate that most native KIF1A is soluble and indeed monomeric, but recombinant KIF1A is a dimer. MT-binding studies also showed that native KIF1A did not bind to MTs in either the presence of AMP-PNP, apyrase, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but recombinant KIF1A bound to MTs most stably in the presence of ATP, indicating very different motor functional states. To further characterize KIF1A's dimerization potential, we prepared peptides corresponding to the neck domains of MmKIF1A and CeUnc104, and by circular dichroism spectroscopy compared these peptides for their ability to form coiled-coils. Interestingly, both MmKIF1A and CeUnc104 neck peptides formed homodimeric coiled-coils, with the MmKIF1A neck coiled-coil exhibiting the greater stability. Collectively, from our data and from previous studies, we predict that native KIF1A can exist as both an inactive monomer and an active homodimer formed in part through its neck coiled-coil domain.
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PMID:Monomeric and dimeric states exhibited by the kinesin-related motor protein KIF1A. 1588 13

The mitotic kinesin Eg5 (or KSP) is a crucial player in the development and function of the mitotic spindle. Inhibition of this protein leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis without interfering with other microtubule-dependent processes. Therefore, it is a potential target in cancer therapy. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a small library of molecules based on the structure of the known Eg5 inhibitor HR22C16. One of these derivatives (compound trans-24) proved to be a potent and specific Eg5 inhibitor.
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PMID:Synthesis and biological evaluation of new tetrahydro-beta-carbolines as inhibitors of the mitotic kinesin Eg5. 1608 1


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