Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.4.4 (kinesin)
 5,033 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ATPase rate of kinesin isolated from bovine brain by the method of S.A. Kuznetsov and V.I. Gelfand [(1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8530-8534)] is stimulated 1000-fold by interaction with tubulin (turnover rate per 120-kDa peptide increases from approximately equal to 0.009 sec-1 to 9 sec-1). The tubulin-stimulated reaction exhibits no extra incorporation of water-derived oxygens over a wide range of ATP and tubulin concentrations, indicating that Pi release is faster than the reversal of hydrolysis. ADP release, however, is slow for the basal reaction and its release is rate limiting as indicated by the very tight ADP binding (Ki less than 5 nM), the retention of a stoichiometric level of bound ADP through ion-exchange chromatography and dialysis, and the reversible labeling of a bound ADP by [14C]ATP at the steady-state ATPase rate as shown by centrifuge gel filtration and inaccessibility to pyruvate kinase. Tubulin accelerates the release of the bound ADP consistent with its activation of the net ATPase reaction. The detailed kinetics of ADP release in the presence of tubulin are biphasic indicating apparent heterogeneity with a fraction of the kinesin active sites being unaffected by tubulin.
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PMID:Kinesin ATPase: rate-limiting ADP release. 297 Jun 38

We have synthesized 2'-deoxy-2'-iodoadenosine-5'-triphosphate (2'-IATP), a heavy-atom analog of adenosine-5'-triphosphate. This compound was made for X-ray structural studies to target the nucleotide site of ATP binding proteins. It was diffused successfully into crystals of the microtubule-based motor proteins ncd (non-claret disjunctional protein from Drosophila melanogaster) and kinesin. With ncd, the nucleotide binding site was 70% occupied and the crystals were able to diffract X-rays to 2.5 A. The iodo-analog provided a useful isomorphous derivative with overall phasing power 1.89 in the range of 25.0-2.5 A. With kinesin, 2'-IATP co-crystallized with the protein. The crystals diffracted to at least 2.8 A with a phasing power of 1.73 in the range of 20.0-5.0 A. The analog was also found to be a substrate for all of the enzymes tested, including creatine kinase, pyruvate kinase, hexokinase, and myosin, with values of Km and Vmax that were within a factor of 10 of those for ATP. The analog supported muscle contraction, relaxing fibers, and producing active tension with values not statistically different from those obtained with ATP. These results all suggest that this analog should be useful for providing a heavy-atom derivative for crystals of enzymes that bind ATP.
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PMID:A novel adenosine triphosphate analog with a heavy atom to target the nucleotide binding site of proteins. 852 80

A new nano-biomachine has been created from microtubules (MTs) and hetero-bifunctional polymer particles bearing pyruvate kinase, which is propelled on glass surfaces coated with kinesin by use of self-supplying ATP.
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PMID:Motor protein nano-biomachine powered by self-supplying ATP. 1584 6

The dynamic formation of stress granules (SGs), processing bodies (PBs), and related RNA organelles regulates diverse cellular processes, including the coordination of functionally connected messengers, the translational regulation at the synapse, and the control of viruses and retrotransposons. Recent studies have shown that pyruvate kinase and other enzymes localize in SGs and PBs, where they become protected from stress insults. These observations may have implications for enzyme regulation and metabolic control exerted by RNA-based organelles. The formation of these cellular bodies is governed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) processes, and it needs to be strictly controlled to prevent pathogenic aggregation. The intracellular concentration of key metabolites, such as ATP and sterol derivatives, may influence protein solubility, thus affecting the dynamics of liquid organelles. LLPS in vitro depends on the thermal diffusion of macromolecules, which is limited inside cells, where the condensation and dissolution of membrane-less organelles are helped by energy-driven processes. The active transport by the retrograde motor dynein helps SG assembly, whereas the anterograde motor kinesin mediates SG dissolution; a tug of war between these two molecular motors allows transient SG formation. There is evidence that the efficiency of dynein-mediated transport increases with the number of motor molecules associated with the cargo. The dynein-dependent transport may be influenced by cargo size as larger cargos can load a larger number of motors. We propose a model based on this emergent property of dynein motors, which would be collectively stronger during SG condensation and weaker during SG breakdown, thus allowing kinesin-mediated dispersion.
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PMID:Life and Work of Stress Granules and Processing Bodies: New Insights into Their Formation and Function. 2959 60