Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.6.4.4 (kinesin)
5,033 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We recently identified dynamin as a third nucleotide-sensitive microtubule-associated protein in brain tissue, in addition to kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein. Molecular cloning analysis has revealed that dynamin contains the three consensus elements characteristic of GTP-binding proteins, and biochemical results support a role for GTP in dynamin function. Dynamin is also homologous to the Mx proteins, involved in interferon-induced viral resistance, and the product of the yeast VPS1 gene, involved in vacuolar protein sorting. These results identify a novel class of GTP-utilizing proteins, with apparently diverse functions.
...
PMID:Dynamin: a microtubule-associated GTP-binding protein. 183 67

Previous studies with monoclonal antibodies indicate that sea urchin kinesin contains two heavy chains arranged in parallel such that their N-terminal ends fold into globular mechanochemical heads attached to a thin stalk ending in a bipartite tail [Scholey et al., 1989]. In the present, complementary study, we have used the monoclonal antikinesin, SUK4, to probe the quaternary structure of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) kinesin. Kinesin prepared from sea urchin cytosol sedimented at 9.6 S on sucrose density gradients and consisted of 130-kd heavy chains plus an 84-kd/78 kd doublet (1 mol heavy chain: 1 mol doublet determined by gel densitometry). Low levels of 110-kd and 90-kd polypeptides were sometimes present as well. The 84-kd/78 kd polypeptides are thought to be light chains because they were precipitated from the kinesin preparation at a stoichiometry of one mol doublet per 1 mol heavy chain using SUK4-Sepharose immunoaffinity resins. The 110-kd and 90-kd peptides, by contrast, were removed using this immunoadsorption method. SUK4-Sepharose immunoaffinity chromatography was also used to purify the 130-kd heavy chain and 84-kd/78-kd doublet (1 mol heavy chain: 1 mol doublet) directly from sea urchin egg cytosolic extracts, and from a MAP (microtubule-associated protein) fraction eluted by ATP from microtubules prepared in the presence of AMPPNP but not from microtubules prepared in ATP. The finding that sea urchin kinesin contains equimolar quantities of heavy and light chains, together with the aforementioned data on kinesin morphology, suggests that native sea urchin kinesin is a tetramer assembled from two light chains and two heavy chains.
...
PMID:Light chains of sea urchin kinesin identified by immunoadsorption. 214 20

Fast axonal transport is manifested at the sub-cellular level as the anterograde or retrograde movement of membrane-bounded organelles along microtubules. Earlier work implicated the protein kinesin as the motor for anterograde axonal transport. More recent work indicates that a brain microtubule-associated protein, MAP 1C, is responsible for retrograde transport. Of additional interest, MAP 1C has been found to be a cytoplasmic form of the ciliary and flagellar ATPase dynein, indicating a much more general functional role for this enzyme in cells than had been suspected.
...
PMID:The role of dynein in retrograde axonal transport. 246 13

We report the complete sequence of the microtubule-associated protein MAP1B, deduced from a series of overlapping genomic and cDNA clones. The encoded protein has a predicted molecular mass of 255,534 D and contains two unusual sequences. The first is a highly basic region that includes multiple copies of a short motif of the form KKEE or KKEVI that are repeated, but not at exact intervals. The second is a set of 12 imperfect repeats, each of 15 amino acids and each spaced by two amino acids. Subcloned fragments spanning these two distinctive regions were expressed as labeled polypeptides by translation in a cell-free system in vitro. These polypeptides were tested for their ability to copurify with unlabeled brain microtubules through successive cycles of polymerization and depolymerization. The peptide corresponding to the region containing the KKEE and KKEVI motifs cycled with brain microtubules, whereas the peptide corresponding to the set of 12 imperfect repeats did not. To define the microtubule binding domain in vivo, full-length and deletion constructs encoding MAP1B were assembled and introduced into cultured cells by transfection. The expression of transfected polypeptides was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-MAP1B-specific antisera. These experiments showed that the basic region containing the KKEE and KKEVI motifs is responsible for the interaction between MAP1B and microtubules in vivo. This region bears no sequence relationship to the microtubule binding domains of kinesin, MAP2, or tau.
...
PMID:The microtubule binding domain of microtubule-associated protein MAP1B contains a repeated sequence motif unrelated to that of MAP2 and tau. 248 Sep 63

Microtubules are involved in several forms of intracellular motility, including mitosis and organelle movement. Fast axonal transport is a highly ordered form of organelle motility that operates in both the anterograde (outwards from the cell body) and retrograde (from the periphery towards the cell body) direction. Similar microtubule-associated movement is observed in non-neuronal cells, and might be involved in secretion, endocytosis and the positioning of organelles within the cell. Kinesin is a mechanochemical protein that produces force along microtubules in an anterograde direction. We recently found that the brain microtubule-associated protein MAP 1C (ref. 7) is a microtubule-activated ATPase and, like kinesin, can translocate microtubules in an in vitro assay for microtubule-associated motility. MAP 1C seemed to be related to the ciliary and flagellar ATPase, dynein, which is thought to produce force in a direction opposite to that observed for kinesin. Here we report that MAP 1C, in fact, acts in a direction opposite to kinesin, and has the properties of a retrograde translocator.
...
PMID:Retrograde transport by the microtubule-associated protein MAP 1C. 367 Apr 2

In previous studies (Bulinski and Borisy (1979). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 76, 293-297; Weatherbee et al. (1980). Biochemistry 19, 4116-4123) a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) of M(r) approximately 125,000 was identified as a prominent MAP in HeLa cells. We set out to perform a biochemical characterization of this protein, and to determine its in vitro functions and in vivo distribution. We determined that, like the assembly-promoting MAPs, tau, MAP2 and MAP4, the 125 kDa MAP was both proteolytically sensitive and thermostable. An additional property of this MAP; namely, its unusually tight association with a calcium-insensitive population of MTs in the presence of taxol, was exploited in devising an efficient purification strategy. Because of the MAP's tenacious association with a stable population of MTs, and because it appeared to contribute to the stability of this population of MTs in vitro, we have named this protein ensconsin. We examined the binding of purified ensconsin to MTs; ensconsin exhibited binding that saturated its MT binding sites at an approximate molar ratio of 1:6 (ensconsin:tubulin). Unlike other MAPs characterized to date, ensconsin's binding to MTs was insensitive to moderate salt concentrations (< or = 0.6 M). We further characterized ensconsin in immunoblotting experiments using mouse polyclonal anti-ensconsin antibodies and antibodies reactive with previously described MAPs, such as high molecular mass tau isoforms, dynamin, STOP, CLIP-170 and kinesin. These experiments demonstrated that ensconsin is distinct from other proteins of similar M(r) that may be present in association with MTs. Immunofluorescence with anti-ensconsin antibodies demonstrated that ensconsin was detectable in association with most or all of the MTs of several lines of human epithelial, fibroblastic and muscle cells; its in vivo properties and distribution, especially in response to drug or other treatments of cells, were found to be different from those of MAP4, the predominant MAP found in these cell types. We conclude that ensconsin, a MAP found in a variety of human cells, is biochemically - and perhaps functionally - distinct from other MAPs present in non-neuronal cells.
...
PMID:Purification and characterization of ensconsin, a novel microtubule stabilizing protein. 787 51

Interaction of rat kinesin and Drosophila nonclaret disjunctional motor domains with tubulin was studied by a blot overlay assay. Either plus-end or minus-end-directed motor domain binds at the same extent to both alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits, suggesting that kinesin binding is an intrinsic property of each tubulin subunit and that motor directionality cannot be related to a preferential interaction with a given tubulin subunit. Binding features of dimeric versus monomeric rat kinesin heads suggest that dimerization could drive conformational changes to enhance binding to tubulin. Competition experiments have indicated that kinesin interacts with tubulin at a Tau-independent binding site. Complementary experiments have shown that kinesin does not interact with the same efficiency with the different tubulin isoforms. Masking the polyglutamyl chains with a specific monoclonal antibody leads to a complete inhibition of kinesin binding. These results are consistent with a model in which polyglutamylation of tubulin regulates kinesin binding through progressive conformational changes of the whole carboxyl-terminal domain of tubulin as a function of the polyglutamyl chain length, thus modulating the affinity of tubulin for kinesin and Tau as well. These results indicate that microtubules, through tubulin polymorphism, do have the ability to control microtubule-associated protein binding.
...
PMID:Interaction of kinesin motor domains with alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits at a tau-independent binding site. Regulation by polyglutamylation. 870 22

Previously, we reported that the squid giant axon contains a heterogeneous population of mRNAs that includes beta-actin, beta-tubulin, kinesin, neurofilament proteins, and enolase. To define the absolute levels and relative distribution of these mRNAs, we have used competitive reverse transcription-PCR to quantify the levels of five mRNAs present in the giant axon and giant fiber lobe (GFL), the location of the parental cell soma. In the GFL, the number of transcripts for these mRNAs varied over a fourfold range, with beta-tubulin being the most abundant mRNA species (1.25 x 10(9) molecules per GFL). Based on transcript number, the rank order of mRNA levels in the GFL was beta-tubulin > beta-actin > kinesin > enolase > microtubule-associated protein (MAP) H1. In contrast, kinesin mRNA was most abundant in the axon (4.1 x 10(7) molecules per axon) with individual mRNA levels varying 15-fold. The rank order of mRNA levels in the axon was kinesin > beta-tubulin > MAP H1 > beta-actin > enolase. The relative abundance of the mRNA species in the axon did not correlate with the size of the transcript, nor was it directly related to their corresponding levels in the GFL. Taken together, these findings confirm that significant amounts of mRNA are present in the giant axon and suggest that specific mRNAs are differentially transported into the axonal domain.
...
PMID:Differential compartmentalization of mRNAs in squid giant axon. 886 84

Microtubules from neural tissues of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and of several species of Antarctic teleosts are composed of tubulin and several microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), one of which has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 400-430 kDa. Because its apparent molecular weight exceeds those of the MAP 1 proteins, we designate this high molecular weight teleost protein MAP 0. Cod MAP 0 failed to cross-react with antibodies specific for MAPs 1A, 1B and 2 of mammalian brain, for MAP H1 of squid optic lobe, and for chicken erythrocyte syncolin, which suggests that it has a novel structure. Similarly, MAP 0 from the Antarctic fish was not recognized by an antibody specific for bovine MAP 2. Together, these observations suggest that MAP 0 is a novel MAP that may be unique to fish. To determine the tissue specificity and phylogenetic distribution of this protein, we generated a rabbit polyclonal antibody against cod MAP 0. Using this antibody, we found that MAP 0 was present in microtubule proteins isolated from cod brain tissues and spinal cord but was absent in microtubules from heart, liver, and spleen. At the subcellular level, MAP 0 was distributed in cod brain cells in a punctate pattern coincident with microtubules but was absent in skin cells. MAP 0 was also detected in cells of the peripheral nervous system. A survey of microtubule proteins from chordates and invertebrates showed that anti-MAP 0-reactive homologs were present in five teleost species but not in more primitive fish and invertebrates or in higher vertebrates. MAP 0 bound to cod microtubules by ionic interaction at a site recognized competitively by bovine MAP 2. Although its function is unknown, MAP 0 does not share the microtubule-binding properties of the motor proteins kinesin and dynein. We propose that MAP 0 is a unique, teleost-specific MAP.
...
PMID:MAP 0, a 400-kDa microtubule-associated protein unique to teleost fish. 938 16

Microtubules are dynamic polymers that move stochastically between periods of growth and shrinkage, a property known as dynamic instability. Here, to investigate the mechanisms regulating microtubule dynamics in Xenopus egg extracts, we have cloned the complementary DNA encoding the microtubule-associated protein XMAP215 and investigated the function of the XMAP215 protein. Immunodepletion of XMAP215 indicated that it is a major microtubule-stabilizing factor in Xenopus egg extracts. During interphase, XMAP215 stabilizes microtubules primarily by opposing the activity of the destabilizing factor XKCM1, a member of the kinesin superfamily. These results indicate that microtubule dynamics in Xenopus egg extracts are regulated by a balance between a stabilizing factor, XMAP215, and a destabilizing factor, XKCM1.
...
PMID:Control of microtubule dynamics by the antagonistic activities of XMAP215 and XKCM1 in Xenopus egg extracts. 1062 Aug 15


1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>

---