Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.6.3.44 (P-glycoprotein)
 13,344 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Active efflux from procaryotic as well as eucaryotic cells strongly modulates the activity of a large number of antibiotics. Effective antibiotic transport has now been observed for many classes of drug efflux pumps. Thus, within the group of primary active transporters, predominant in eucaryotes, six families belonging to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, and including the P-glycoprotein in the MDR (Multi Drug Resistance) group and the MRP (Multidrug Resistance Protein), have been recognized as being responsible for antibiotic efflux. Within the class of secondary active transporters (antiports, symports, and uniports), ten families of antibiotic efflux pumps have been described, distributed in five superfamilies [SMR (Small Multidrug Resistance), MET (Multidrug Endosomal Transporter), MAR (Multi Antimicrobial Resistance), RND (Resistance Nodulation Division), and MFS (Major Facilitator Superfamily)]. Nowadays antibiotic efflux pumps are believed to contribute significantly to acquired bacterial resistance because of the very broad variety of substrates they recognize, their expression in important pathogens, and their cooperation with other mechanisms of resistance. Their presence also explains high-level intrinsic resistances found in specific organisms. Stable mutations in regulatory genes can produce phenotypes of irreversible multidrug resistance. In eucaryotes, antibiotic efflux pumps modulate the accumulation of antimicrobials in phagocytic cells and play major roles in their transepithelial transport. The existence of antibiotic efflux pumps, and their impact on therapy, must now be taken fully into account for the selection of novel antimicrobials. The design of specific, potent inhibitors appears to be an important goal for the improved control of infectious diseases in the near future.
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PMID:Antibiotic efflux pumps. 1087 20

To investigate the pharmacokinetics of unbound ranitidine in rat blood and bile, multiple microdialysis probes coupled to a liquid chromatographic system were developed. This study design was parallel in the following groups: the control-group of six rats received ranitidine alone (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.v.), the treated-group rats were co-administered with ranitidine and cyclosporine (P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor) or quinidine (both organic cation transport (OCT) and P-gp inhibitors) in six individual rats. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the jugular vein and the bile duct for blood and bile fluids sampling, respectively. Ranitidine in the dialysate was separated by a reversed-phase C18 column (Zorbax, 150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.; 5 microm) maintained at ambient temperature. Samples were eluted with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-methanol-tetrahydrofuran-20 mM K2HPO4 (pH 7.0) (24:20:10:946, v/v), and the flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 ml/min. The optimal UV detection for ranitidine was set at wavelength 315 nm. Between 20 and 30 min after drug administration (10 or 30mg/kg), the ranitidine reached the maximum concentration in the bile. The bile-to-blood distribution ratio (AUC(bile)/AUC(blood)) was 9.8 +/- 1.9 and 13.9 +/- 3.8 at the dosages of 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. These studies indicate that ranitidine undergoes hepatobiliary excretion which against concentration gradient from bile-to-blood. In addition, the AUC of ranitidine in bile decreased in the treatment of cyclosporine or quinidine, which suggests that the hepatobiliary excretion of ranitidine was partially regulated by P-glycoprotein or organic cation transporter.
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PMID:Measurement of unbound ranitidine in blood and bile of anesthetized rats using microdialysis coupled to liquid chromatography and its pharmacokinetic application. 1590 33

The aims of this study were to determine the effect of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the oral pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in human volunteers and to investigate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using in vitro systems. A randomized, placebo controlled crossover oral pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 12 healthy male human volunteers and in vitro (everted sac) and in situ (intestinal loop) studies were conducted in rats to study the role of P-gp. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters C(max), AUC and MRT after pretreatment with rifampicin (600 mg orally once per day for 7 days). The C(max), AUC(0-infinity), and MRT were decreased by 53%, 52%, and 18%, respectively. Ketoconazole treatment (200 mg orally once per day for 5 days) increased the C(max), AUC(0-infinity) and T1/2 by 78%, 74%, and 56%, respectively, whereas T(max) was decreased by 31%. No statistically significant differences were observed in renal clearance (CLR) of ranitidine after treatment with either ketoconazole or rifampicin. Presence of ketoconazole significantly reduced the mean cumulative efflux concentrations (serosal to mucosal) of ranitidine to 35%, 41% and 55% in the duodenal, jejunum and ileal regions of the everted sacs, respectively, whereas, the mean cumulative efflux concentrations of ranitidine were increased by 14%, 36% and 25% in duodenal, jejunal and ileal regions of the rat small intestine, respectively, after pretreatment with rifampicin. The presence of ketoconazole improved the absorption of ranitidine significantly by increasing the percentage of total dose disappearing from the loops of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of rat small intestine by 82%, 84% and 85%, respectively. In contrast, treatment with rifampicin decreased the absorption of ranitidine by decreasing the percentage of total dose disappearing in duodenal, jejunal and ileal regions of the intestinal loops by 40%, 39% and 25%, respectively. Ranitidine was shown to be a P-gp substrate in vivo in human volunteers and it was found that oral bioavailability of ranitidine was influenced at the intestinal absorption phase.
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PMID:Effect of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in healthy human volunteers: a possible role of P-glycoprotein. 1715 47

The aim of this study was to explore potential transport mechanisms of cetirizine enantiomers across Caco-2 cells. Cetirizine displayed polarized transport at concentrations ranging from 4.0 to 80.0 microM, with the permeability in the secretory direction being 1.4- to 4.0-fold higher than that in the absorptive direction. Cetirizine enantiomers were transported distinctively different from each other. In the presence of inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), the absorptive transport was enhanced and secretory efflux was diminished. When verapamil, indomethacin, or probenecid were present, the difference in the absorptive permeability of R-cetirizine and S-cetirizine substantially intensified, whereas quinidine could eliminate. R-cetirizine significantly increased the efflux ratio of rhodamine-123 and doxorubicin in a fashion indicative of the upregulation of P-gp and MRP activities. However, S-cetirizine played a role of an inhibitor for P-gp and MRP. Ranitidine modified the absorption of cetirizine enantiomers, suggesting that the potential drug-drug interaction would significantly change the cetirizine pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, the results indicated that there are several efflux transporters including P-gp and MRP participating the absorption and efflux of cetirizine, which showed enantioselectivity in the transmembrane process. In addition, both P-gp and MRP functions could be modulated by cetirizine in chiral discriminative ways.
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PMID:Stereoselective and multiple carrier-mediated transport of cetirizine across Caco-2 cell monolayers with potential drug interaction. 2001 42