Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.6.3.44 (P-glycoprotein)
 13,344 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ion-pair complexation with endogenous bile salts on the transport of a quarternary ammonium organic cationic (OC) drug, berberine, across the Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cell monolayers. The basolateral-to-apical (BL-AP) transport of berberine in Caco-2 cells was temperature dependent and 10-fold higher than that of the apical-to-basolateral (AP-BL) transport. Similar results were observed for the transport of berberine across the LLC-PK1 cells. Moreover, the BL-AP transport in the Caco-2 cells was significantly reduced by the cis-presence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors such as cyclosporine A, verapamil, and digoxin. These results suggest that an efflux transporter, probably P-gp, is involved in the Caco-2 cell transport. The Km and Vmax values for the carrier-mediated transport were estimated to be 83.4 mM and 7640 pmole/h/cm2, respectively. The apparent partition coefficient (APC) of berberine between n-octanol and a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was increased by the presence of an organic anion (OA), taurodeoxycholate (TDC, a bile salt), suggesting the formation of a lipophilic ion-pair complex between an OC (berberine) and an OA (TDC). Despite the ion-pair complexation, however, the BL-AP transport of berberine across the Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cells was not altered by the cis-presence of bile salts or the rat bile juice. This is consistent with the reportedly unaltered secretory transport of a quarternary ammonium compound, tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), across the Caco-2 cell monolayers in the cis-presence of bile salts or the rat bile juice, but not with our previous report in which the secretory transport of TBuMA across the LLC-PK1 cell was increased in the cis-presence of TDC. Therefore, the effect of ion-pair formation with the bile components or bile salts on the secretory transport of OCs appears to depend on the molecular properties of OCs (e.g., molecular weight, lipophilicity and affinity to relevant transporters) and the characteristics of cell strains (e.g., expression and contribution of responsible transporters to the transport).
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PMID:Effect of ion-pair formation with bile salts on the in vitro cellular transport of berberine. 1827 15

The effects of eight components from six commonly consumed spices on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport and CYP3A4 metabolism were evaluated in vitro. P-gp-mediated [(3)H]digoxin fluxes across the L-MDR1 (LLC-PK1 cells transfected with human MDR1 gene) and Caco-2 (human colon carcinoma) cell monolayers showed a marked asymmetry compared with that in the LLC-PK1 (porcine kidney epithelial cells) cell monolayers. Curcumin (from turmeric) at 30 to 60 microM and 6-gingerol (from ginger) at 100 to 500 microM were observed to inhibit P-gp-mediated [(3)H]digoxin transport in L-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells. Effects of spices on midazolam (MDZ) 1'-hydroxylation and 4-hydroxylation of CYP3A4 activity were determined in pooled human liver microsomes (HLM). The following IC(50) values for effects of spices on MDZ 1'-hydroxylation in HLM were obtained: 29 microM for curcumin, 1.17 mM for allyl methyl disulfide (AMD) (from Chinese chive), 1.02 mM for 1,8-cineole (from coriander), and 1.28 mM for beta-caryophyllene (from curry leaf). CYP3A4-mediated 4-hydroxylation of MDZ was inhibited by curcumin at 30, 45, and 60 microM (4-hydroxy-MDZ formation was decreased to 52, 30, and 29%, respectively, compared with control), by 6-gingerol at 60, 100, and 500 microM (71, 68, and 38%), by AMD at 1 and 4 mM (29 and 14%), by d-limonene (from coriander) at 4 mM (65%), by 1,8-cineole at 0.5, 1, and 4 mM (74, 64, and 59%), and by citral (from lemongrass) at 1 mM (59%). Among the spices that showed inhibitory effect on MDZ metabolism in HLM, only AMD showed a preincubation time-dependent inhibitory effect on MDZ metabolism in HLM, suggesting the AMD as an irreversible CYP3A4 inhibitor.
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PMID:Effects of spice constituents on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism in vitro. 1838 93

The objective was to examine the influence of Pluronic block-copolymers on the interaction between the drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein and HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). The ATPase assay determined the effect of various Pluronics on PI-stimulated P-gp ATPase activity. Cellular accumulation studies were conducted using MDCKII and LLC-PK1 cells transfected with human MDR1 to assess Pluronic modulation of PI efflux. Pluronic P85 inhibited both basal and nelfinavir-stimulated P-gp ATPase activity, while Pluronic F127 had no effect. In cell accumulation studies, Pluronic P85 restored the accumulation of nelfinavir in MDCKII-MDR1 cells while Pluronic F127 and F88 had no effect. Pluronic P85 increased saquinavir accumulation in wild-type and MDR1-transfected cells in both the MDCKII and LLC-PK1 cell models, suggesting inhibition of multiple transporters, including MRPs. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that a block-copolymer, Pluronic P85, effectively inhibits the interaction of P-gp with nelfinavir and saquinavir. These data indicate that effective inhibition of HIV-1 PI efflux by Pluronic P85 may influence the distribution of antiretroviral agents to sites protected by efflux mechanisms, such as the blood-brain barrier, and possibly increase the brain exposure of these drugs resulting in suppression of viral replication and reduction in the incidence of drug resistant mutants.
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PMID:Interactions of pluronic block copolymers on P-gp efflux activity: experience with HIV-1 protease inhibitors. 1839 90

The possibility of interactions between natural products/supplements and conventional prescription medicines is one of the most important issues in pharmacotherapeutic safety. Recently, we reported that some terpenoids such as (R)-(+)-citronellal and glycyrrhetic acid, which are present in herbal medicines, can act as inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1). In the present study, the effects of seven terpenoids on multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2)-mediated transport were investigated in vitro. Membrane vesicles were prepared from MRP2 cDNA transfected Sf9 cells derived from pupal ovarian tissue of Spodoptera frugiperda, a fall armyworm, and BCRP cDNA transfected LLC-PK1 cells derived from porcine kidney. MRP2- or BCRP-mediated efflux transport was measured as ATP-dependent accumulation of [(3)H]estradiol 17-beta-d-glucuronide (E(2)17betaG) into membrane vesicles collected by a rapid filtration technique. The effects of (R)-(+)-citronellal, (S)-(-)-beta-citronellol, alpha-terpinene, terpinolene, (-)-beta-pinene, abietic acid, and glycyrrhetic acid on the intravesicular accumulation of [(3)H]E(2)17betaG were examined. Large decreases in the [(3)H]E(2)17betaG accumulation into vesicles from MRP2-overexpressing Sf9 cells were observed in the presence of glycyrrhetic acid and abietic acid, and their IC(50) values were about 20 and 51 microM, respectively. [(3)H]E(2)17betaG accumulation into vesicles from BCRP-overexpressing LLC-PK1 cells was suppressed by only glycyrrhetic acid, with an IC(50) value of about 39 microM. Other terpenoids used in this study did not alter the ATP-dependent accumulation of [(3)H]E(2)17betaG. These findings suggest that glycyrrhetic acid and abietic acid can potently inhibit MRP2- or BCRP-mediated membrane transport and may interact with their substrates in pharmacokinetic processes.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of terpenoids on multidrug resistance-associated protein 2- and breast cancer resistance protein-mediated transport. 1843 19

Olopatadine, a new second-generation antihistamine, is widely used in the treatment of allergic disorders. The low levels of histamine H1 receptor occupancy in human brain by olopatadine, which is related to its minimal sedation, suggest its low penetration into the brain. The present study evaluates the impact of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on brain penetration and plasma concentration of olopatadine. The uptake amount of olopatadine in human P-gp transfected LLC-PK1 cells (LLC-GA5-COL150) was lower than that in LLC-PK1. The uptake of olopatadine in LLC-GA5-COL150 was increased in the same level as that in LLC-PK1 in the presence of cyclosporine A, a P-gp inhibitor. After intravenous or oral administration of olopatadine to wild type (WT) and mdr1a/1b knockout (KO) mice at a dose of 1 mg/kg, the brain concentration in KO mice was higher than that in WT mice. On the other hand, the plasma concentration of olopatadine after either route of administration was not different between WT and KO mice. These results suggest that olopatadine is a substrate of P-gp, and that P-gp limits the brain penetration but dose not affect the plasma concentration of olopatadine.
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PMID:P-glycoprotein limits the brain penetration of olopatadine hydrochloride, H1-receptor antagonist. 1844 90

1. The authors sought to evaluate the contribution of organic cation transporters (OCTs) to the renal tubular transport of metformin using LLC-PK1 cells as an in vitro model for the renal proximal tubule, and to investigate the effects of three non-synonymous genetic variants of OCT2 on the transport activity of metformin in vitro using an oocyte over-expression system. 2. The basolateral-to-apical transport of metformin was significantly greater than the apical-to-basolateral transport and showed concentration dependency with the kinetic parameters: maximum transport rate (V(max)), 922 pmol min(-1) per 5 x 10(5) cells; Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)), 393 microM; intrinsic clearance (CL(int)), 2.35 microl min(-1) per 5 x 10(5) cells; and diffusion constant (K(d)), 0.33 microl min(-1) per 5 x 10(5) cells. The basolateral-to-apical transport of metformin was inhibited by phenoxybenzamine, an inhibitor of OCTs, but not by cyclosporine A, MK571, or fumitremorgin C, which are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively, suggesting that OCTs play a role in renal tubular secretion of metformin. 3. Metformin uptake was much greater in oocytes expressing OCT2-wild type (OCT2-WT) than OCT1-WT compared with uptake in water-injected oocytes. Uptake was significantly decreased in oocytes expressing OCT2-T199I, -T201M, and -A270S compared with that in OCT2-WT, suggesting that metformin is a better substrate for OCT2 than for OCT1 and that the amino acid-substituted variants of OCT2 cause a functional decrease in metformin uptake. 4. In conclusion, the genetic variants of OCT2 (OCT2-T199I, -T201M, and -A270S) decreased the transport activity of metformin and thus may contribute to the inter-individual variation in metformin disposition as OCT2 plays a pivotal role in renal excretion, the major disposition route of metformin.
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PMID:Genetic variants of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) significantly reduce metformin uptake in oocytes. 1872 38

Chemotherapy is one of the most important methods in the treatment of cancer. However, development of drug resistance during chemotherapy is the leading cause of treatment failure and decreased survival in cancer patients. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the extensively studied forms of drug resistance for more than 30 years. The members of ATP-binding cassette protein family are responsible for multidrug resistance with P-glycoprotein as most representative transporter. To overcome multidrug resistance, pharmacological modulation of the transporters by efflux pump inhibitors seem to be the first choice, but preclinical studies did not lead to clinical applications. Therefore, a systematical research for pharmacophor structures is a promising strategy to increase the efficacy of those drugs still influencing multidrug resistance. In this study a range of phenothiazine derivatives was synthesizied with systematical variation of three molecule domains. The biochemical determination of multidrug resistance reversal activity was achieved with the crystalviolet assay on LLC-PK1/MDR1 cells. The results will be discussed considering of hypotheses in the literature directed to new structure-acitivity relationships to overcome drug resistance in the future.
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PMID:Synthesis and biochemical characterization of new phenothiazines and related drugs as MDR reversal agents. 1881 89

1. The hypotheses tested were to study cimetidine as a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organic cation transport systems and the modulatory effects of eight flavonoid aglycones and glycosides on these transport systems using Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cells. 2. Transport and uptake experiments of (20 microM) (3)H-cimetidine were performed with and without co-exposure to quercetin, quercetrin, rutin, naringenin, naringin, genistein, genistin, and xanthohumol. Co-treatment decreased basolateral to apical (B to A) permeability (P(app)) of cimetidine from 2.02 to 1.24 (quercetin), 1.06 (naringenin), 1.24 (genistein), and 0.96 (xanthohumol) x 10(-6) cm s(-1) in Caco-2 cells and from 10.76 to 1.65 (quercetin), 2.05 (naringenin), 2.88 (genistein), and 1.95 (xanthohumol) x 10(-6) cm s(-1) in LLC-PK1 cells. Genistin significantly reduced B to A P(app) of cimetidine to 1.24 x 10(-6) cm s(-1) in Caco-2 cells. Basolateral intracellular uptake rate of cimetidine was enhanced 145-295% when co-treated with flavonoids. Co-treatment with P-glycoprotein and organic cation transporter inhibitors, verapamil and phenoxybenzamine, resulted in reduced B to A permeability and slower basolateral intracellular uptake rate of cimetidine. Intracellular uptake rate of (14)C-tetraethylammonium (TEA) was reduced in the presence of quercetin, naringenin and genistein in LLC-PK1 cells. 3. In conclusion, quercetin, naringenin, genistein, and xanthohumol reduced P-gp-mediated transport and increased the basolateral uptake rate of cimetidine. Quercetin, naringenin, genistein, but not xanthohumol, reduced intracellular uptake rate of TEA in LLC-PK1 cells. These results suggest that flavonoids may have potential to alter the disposition profile of cimetidine and possibly other therapeutics that are mediated by P-gp and/or cation transport systems.
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PMID:Effects of dietary flavonoids on the transport of cimetidine via P-glycoprotein and cationic transporters in Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cell models. 1895 Dec 51

To evaluate the mechanism responsible for the tubular secretion of bisoprolol, we compared transcellular transport of bisoprolol with that of tetraethylammonium (TEA), cimetidine, and quinidine across LLC-PK1 cell monolayers grown on porous membrane filters. TEA and cimetidine were actively transported in the basolateral-to-apical direction by the specific transport system. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that basolateral influx and apical efflux were cooperatively responsible for the directional transport of TEA and cimetidine. Lipophilic cationic drugs, quinidine, S-nicotine, and bisoprolol, significantly diminished basolateral influx and apical efflux clearance of cimetidine. However, transcellular transport of quinidine in the basolateral-to-apical direction was similar to that in the opposite direction in LLC-PK1 cells. In contrast, quinidine was transported actively in the basolateral-to-apical direction in P-glycoprotein-expressed LLC-GA5-COL150 cells. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that P-glycoprotein increased the apical efflux of quinidine and also decreased the apical influx of the drug. Basolateral-to-apical transport of bisoprolol was also similar to apical-to-basolateral transport in LLC-PK1 cells, whereas the drug was directionally transported from the basolateral to the apical side in LLC-GA5-COL150 cells. These results suggested that bisoprolol was not significantly transported via transport systems involved in the directional transport of TEA and cimetidine, but that P-glycoprotein was responsible for the directional transport of bisoprolol as well as quinidine in renal epithelial cells.
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PMID:Directional transcellular transport of bisoprolol in P-glycoprotein-expressed LLC-GA5-COL150 cells, but not in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 Cells. 1897 11

Brain penetration of drugs which are subject to P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated efflux is attenuated, as manifested by the fact that the cerebrospinal fluid concentration (C(CSF)), a good surrogate of the unbound brain concentration (C(ub)), is lower than the unbound plasma concentration (C(up)) for Pgp substrates. In rodents, the attenuation magnitude of brain penetration by Pgp-mediated efflux has been estimated by correlating the ratio of CSF to plasma exposures (C(CSF)/C(p)) with the unbound fraction in plasma (f(u)) upon the incorporation of the in vivo or in vitro Pgp-mediated efflux ratios (ERs). In the present work, we investigated the impact of Pgp-mediated efflux on C(CSF) in monkeys. Following intravenous administration to cisterna magna ported rhesus monkeys, the CSF and plasma concentrations were determined for 25 compounds from three discovery programs. We also evaluated their f(u) in rhesus plasma and ER in human and African green monkey MDR-transfected LLC-PK1 cells. These compounds varied significantly in the f(u) (0.025-0.73), and 24 out of 25 are considered Pgp substrates based on their appreciable directional transport (ER>2). The C(CSF)/C(p) was significantly lower than the corresponding f(u) (>or=3-fold) for 16 compounds regardless of a significant correlation (R(2)=0.59, p=4 x 10(-5)) when the C(CSF)/C(p) was plotted against the f(u). When the f(u) was normalized to the ER (f(u)/ER) the correlation was improved (R(2)=0.75, p=8 x 10(-8)). More importantly, only one compound showed the C(CSF)/C(p) that exceeded 3-fold of the normalized f(u). The results suggest that the impact of Pgp-mediated efflux in monkeys, similar to the case in rodents, is reasonably reflected by the gradient between the free concentrations in plasma and in CSF. Therefore, f(u) and Pgp ER may serve as useful measurements in estimating in vivo C(CSF)/C(p) ratios in monkeys, and potentially in humans.
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PMID:Effect of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in rhesus monkeys. 1948 Oct 60


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