Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.6.3.14 (ATP synthase)
 7,042 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Arabidopsis thaliana has two genes (atpC1, atpC2) coding for gamma subunits of chloroplast ATP synthase. The atpC1 and atpC2 were cloned and sequenced. They had no introns within the reading frames and coded for proteins of 373 and 386 amino acid residues, respectively, including putative transit sequences (50 and 60 amino acid residues, respectively). In contrast, the spinach gamma subunit gene had two introns within the reading frame. The mature sequences coded by the two genes of A. thaliana (atpC1, 323 residues; atpC2, 326 residues) were homologous with that of spinach (J. Miki, M. Maeda, Y. Mukohata, and M. Futai (1988) FEBS Lett. 232, 221-226): the homologies of gamma subunits coded by atpC1 and atpC2 were 72%, those of the subunits coded by atpC1 and spinach cDNA were 84%, and those of the proteins coded by atpC2 and spinach cDNA were 71%. Like the spinach subunit, the gamma subunits coded by the two genes had unique regulatory domains not found in mitochondrial or bacterial subunits. Poly(A)+ mRNAs corresponding to atpC1 (1.5 kilobases) and atpC2 (2.5 kilobases) were detected in illuminated plants, the amount of the former being at least 140 times that of the latter. The atpC1 mRNA was not found in dark-adapted plants. Nuclear protein(s) specifically bound to the upstream region of atpC1 was detected by gel shift assay and its binding was shown to be inhibited by the GT-1 element of the gene encoding the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit, which is expressed under illumination (P. J. Green, S. A. Kay, and N. H. Chau (1987) EMBO J. 6, 2543-2549). Consistent with these findings, an increased amount of the gamma subunit was detected immunochemically in illuminated plants.
 ...
PMID:Two genes, atpC1 and atpC2, for the gamma subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast ATP synthase. 182 5

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell disease, the hallmark of which is the Bcr-Abl protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). Without intervention the disease progresses from a benign chronic phase to a rapidly fatal blast crisis. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis on a model we have previously described using the expression of a conditional mutant of Bcr-Abl PTK in a multipotent stem cell line, FDCP-Mix. Long term exposure of FDCP-Mix cells to Bcr-Abl mimics disease progression in CML. Four major differences were observed as a consequence of long term exposure to the Bcr-Abl PTK compared with cells exposed short term. The proteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry-generated peptide mass fingerprint data and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-generated sequence information. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, an enzyme known to be deregulated in CML, was found to be up-regulated. Annexin VI, vacuolar ATP synthase catalytic subunit A, and mortalin were found to be down-regulated. Poly(A) PCR cDNA analysis showed there was no correlation between the protein expression changes and mRNA levels. Western blot analysis also indicated no change in the levels of mortalin or leukotriene A4 hydrolase, indicating that post-translational events may modify protein content of the specific spots. Leukotriene B4 levels (product of leukotriene A4 hydrolase) were, however, reduced in cells exposed long term to Bcr-Abl activity. This study demonstrates the potential of proteomic analysis to define novel effects of oncogenes.
 ...
PMID:Changes in the proteome associated with the action of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase are not related to transcriptional regulation. 1248 63

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is a molecule widely present in the central nervous system (CNS) formed by the reversible acetylation of carnitine. It acts by stimulating energy metabolism. Reported neurobiological effects of this substance include modulation of brain energy and phospholipid metabolism; cellular macromolecules (including neurotrophic factors and neurohormones); synaptic transmission of multiple neurotransmitters. ALC is of considerable interest for its clinical application in Alzheimer's disease and in the treatment of painful neuropathies. There are experimental data that it affects attention and antagonizes deterioration of ability to learn, improving long-term memory. Moreover, ALC influences nonassociative learning of sensitization type in Hirudo medicinalis. These findings are suggesting that ALC might exert its effects by means of new protein synthesis. ALC or saline solution was injected intraperitoneally each day for 21 days in rats. Poly(A)+ RNAs were isolated from control and treated rat brain. Suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) method was applied for the generation of subtracted cDNA libraries and the subsequent identification of differentially expressed transcripts after treatments. The technique generates an equalized representation of differentially expressed genes irrespective of their relative abundance, and it is based on the construction of forward and reverse cDNA libraries that allow the identification of the genes that are regulated or switched off/on after ALC treatment. We identified two modulated genes, the isoform gamma of 14-3-3 protein and a precursor of ATP synthase lipid-binding protein, and one gene switched on by the treatment, the heat shock protein hsp72.
 ...
PMID:Identification of differentially expressed genes induced in the rat brain by acetyl-L-carnitine as evidenced by suppression subtractive hybridisation. 1554 29