Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.6.3.14 (ATP synthase)
 7,042 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Certain factors that might contribute to the regulation of the rate of glycolysis by rat aorta were investigated. Rat aortic rings were incubated with [14C]glucose, and the release of [14C]lactate was determined. There was good agreement between the lactate production estimated by enzymatic assay and by [14C]lactate release, suggesting that almost all the lactate produced under our experimental conditions was derived from exogenous glucose. When the glucose concentration in the medium was 10 mM or higher, the rate of glucose transport did not limit the rate of lactate production. In most cases studies were done both aerobically and anaerobically. In Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution the aerobic rate of lactate production was 18% of the anaerobic rate. We tested the effects on glycolysis of agents that alter ATP generation by mitochondria or ATP splitting by Na+-K+-ATPase or the mitochondrial ATPase. Under aerobic conditions, ouabain (5 mM) caused a 54% decrease in lactate production, and gramicidin (5 micrograms/ml) caused a 45% increase. Under anaerobic conditions, neither ouabain nor gramicidin affected lactate production. Aerobically dinitrophenol (25 microM) and carboxyatractyloside (0.5 mM) caused substantial increases in lactate production, 72 and 98% respectively. Under anaerobic conditions the effects of dinitrophenol and carboxyatractyloside were much smaller, with dinitrophenol causing a 15% increase and carboxyatractyloside a 12% decrease in lactate production. Increasing the concentration of phosphate in the incubation medium caused marked increases in lactate production. Both aerobically and anaerobically, shifting from 1.3 to 50 mM phosphate in the incubation medium caused a 3.5-fold increase in lactate production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Regulation of glycolysis in rat aorta. 620 40

Salt tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a complex trait, involving regulation of membrane polarization, Na(+) efflux and sequestration of Na(+) in the vacuole. Since transmembrane transport energized by H(+)-adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) is common to all of these tolerance mechanisms, the objective of this study was to characterize the responses of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and mitochondrial F(1)F(0)-ATPase to NaCl stress. We hypothesized that since the vacuolar ATPase is responsible for generating the proton motive force required for import of cations (such as Na(+)) into the vacuole, strains lacking this activity should be hypersensitive to NaCl. We found that strains lacking vacuolar ATPase activity were in fact hypersensitive to NaCl, while strains lacking ATP synthase were not. This effect was specific to the ionic component of NaCl stress, since the mutant strains were indistinguishable from wild-type and complemented strains in the presence of sorbitol.
 ...
PMID:Vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, but not mitochondrial F(1)F(0)-ATPase, is required for NaCl tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1195 41

This paper explores the effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on traumatic brain injury (TBI). Rats were divided into four groups: control, TBI, TBI combined with HSYA, and TBI combined with nimodipine. Saline, HSYA, or nimodipine was i.v. injected at 30 min before and 6 h after the onset of TBI. The contusion volume of brain, mitochondrial ATPase activity, brain malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the blood plasma were investigated. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of HSYA at a dose of 4 mg/kg was 59.2% compared with the TBI group. After the insult by TBI for 48 h, the activity of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, and Mg(2+)-ATPase decreased to 31, 35, and 38% of control group. HSYA increased these ATPase activities by 162, 96, and 131% of TBI group. HSYA also increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased MDA content in the right parietal lobe adjacent to contusion foci in TBI rats. HSYA enhanced the t-PA activity by 64.64%, decreased the PAI-1 activity by 71.88%, and decreased the MMP-9 expression to 49.11% in the hippocampus of the TBI group at 12 h. In conclusion, HSYA may exert a potential therapeutic strategy to improve the outcome following TBI injury.
 ...
PMID:Effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A on the experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. 2039 Jul 72

Salt stress is a major abiotic stress that limits agricultural productivity in many regions of the world. To understand the molecular basis of the salt stress response in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a proteomic approach was used to identify the salt stress-responsive proteins in an elite Chinese wheat cultivar, Zhengmai 9023, which exhibits a high yield, superior gluten quality and better biotic resistance. Three-week-old seedlings were treated with NaCl of four different concentrations (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%). The total proteins from the leaves of untreated and NaCl-treated plants were extracted and separated by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). A total of 2358 protein spots were detected on the gels, among which 125 spots showed a significant change in protein abundance, and 83 differentially expressed spots were localised on preparative gels. Using Q-TOF mass spectrometry, 52 salt-responsive spots were identified, which were classified into six functional categories that included transport-associated proteins, detoxifying enzymes, ATP synthase, carbon metabolism, protein folding, and proteins with unknown biological functions. Of the 52 differentially expressed proteins, 26 were up-regulated, 21 were down-regulated, and five spots showed multi-expression patterns. In particular, some important proteins for salt tolerance were found to be up-regulated in Zhengmai 9023 under salt stress, such as H(+)-ATPases, glutathione S-transferase, ferritin and triosephosphate isomerase.
 ...
PMID:Proteome analysis of wheat leaf under salt stress by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). 2125 86

Salt stress is one of most serious limiting factors for crop growth and production. An isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) approach was used to analyze proteomic changes in rice shoots under salt stress in this study. A total of 56 proteins were significantly altered and 16 of them were enriched in the pathways of photosynthesis, antioxidant and oxidative phosphorylation. Among these 16 proteins, peroxiredoxin Q and photosystem I subunit D were up-regulated, while thioredoxin M-like, thioredoxin x, thioredoxin peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase F3, PSI subunit H, light-harvesting antenna complex I subunits, chloroplast chaperonin, vacuolar ATP synthase subunit H, and ATP synthase delta chain were down-regulated. Moreover, physiological data including total antioxidant capacity, peroxiredoxin activity, chlorophyll a/b content, glutathione S-transferase activity, reduced glutathione content and ATPase activity were consistent with changes in the levels of these proteins. The levels of the mRNAs encoding these proteins were also analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and approximately 86% of the results were consistent with the iTRAQ data. Importantly, our data suggest the important role of PSI in balancing energy supply and ROS generation under salt stress. This study provides information for an improved understanding of the function of photosynthesis and PSI in the salt-stress response of rice.
...
PMID:Quantitative proteomic analysis of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) salt response. 2579 71

Salt stress is one of the major environmental factors impairing crop production. In our previous study, we identified a major QTL for salinity tolerance on chromosome 2H on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). For further investigation of the mechanisms responsible for this QTL, two pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing in this QTL were developed. Sensitive NILs (N33 and N53) showed more severe damage after exposure to 300 mM NaCl than tolerant ones (T46 and T66). Both tolerant NILs maintained significantly lower Na+ content in leaves and much higher K+ content in the roots than sensitive lines under salt conditions, thus indicating the presence of a more optimal Na+/K+ ratio in plant tissues. Salinity stress caused significant accumulation of H2O2, MDA, and proline in salinity-sensitive NILs, and a greater enhancement in antioxidant enzymatic activities at one specific time or tissues in tolerant lines. One pair of NILs (N33 and T46) were used for proteomic studies using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A total of 53 and 51 differentially expressed proteins were identified through tandem mass spectrometry analysis in the leaves and roots, respectively. Proteins which are associated with photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and ATP synthase were found to be specifically upregulated in the tolerant NIL. Proteins identified in this study can serve as a useful resource with which to explore novel candidate genes for salinity tolerance in barley.
 ...
PMID:Understanding Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance in Barley by Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis of Near-Isogenic Lines. 3209 51

Salt tolerant bacteria can be helpful in improving a plant's tolerance to salinity. Although plant-bacteria interactions in response to salt stress have been characterized, the precise molecular mechanisms by which bacterial inoculation alleviates salt stress in plants are still poorly explored. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of a salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Sphingobacterium BHU-AV3 for improving salt tolerance in tomato through investigating the physiological responses of tomato roots and leaves under salinity stress. Tomato plants inoculated with BHU-AV3 and challenged with 200 mM NaCl exhibited less senescence, positively correlated with the maintenance of ion balance, lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased proline content compared to the non-inoculated plants. BHU-AV3-inoculated plant leaves were less affected by oxidative stress, as evident from a reduction in superoxide contents, cell death, and lipid peroxidation. The reduction in ROS level was associated with the increased antioxidant enzyme activities along with multiple-isoform expression [peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] in plant roots. Additionally, BHU-AV3 inoculation induced the expression of proteins involved in (i) energy production [ATP synthase], (ii) carbohydrate metabolism (enolase), (iii) thiamine biosynthesis protein, (iv) translation protein (elongation factor 1 alpha), and the antioxidant defense system (catalase) in tomato roots. These findings have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of bacteria-mediated alleviation of salt stress in plants. From the study, we can conclude that BHU-AV3 inoculation effectively induces antioxidant systems and energy metabolism in tomato roots, which leads to whole plant protection during salt stress through induced systemic tolerance.
 ...
PMID:Sphingobacterium sp. BHU-AV3 Induces Salt Tolerance in Tomato by Enhancing Antioxidant Activities and Energy Metabolism. 3230 47

Salt stress threatens the achievement of sustainable global food security goals by inducing secondary stresses, such as osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stress, that are detrimental to plant growth and productivity. Various studies have reported the beneficial roles of microbes in ameliorating salt stress in plants. This review emphasizes salt tolerance and endurance mechanisms (STEM) in microbially inoculated (MI) plants that ensure plant growth and survival. Well-established STEM have been documented in MI plants and include conglomeration of osmolytes, antioxidant barricading, recuperating nutritional status, and ionic homeostasis. This is achieved via involvement of P solubilization, siderophore production, nitrogen fixation, selective ion absorption, volatile organic compound production, exopolysaccharide production, modifications to plant physiological processes (photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance), and molecular alterations to alter various biochemical and physiological processes. Salt tolerance and endurance mechanism in MI plants ensures plant growth by improving nutrient uptake and maintaining ionic homeostasis, promoting superior water use efficiency and osmoprotection, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, preserving cell ultrastructure, and reinforcing antioxidant metabolism. Molecular research in MI plants under salt stress conditions has found variations in the expression profiles of genes such as HKT1, NHX, and SOS1 (ion transporters), PIPs and TIPs (aquaporins), RBCS, RBCL (RuBisCo subunits), Lipoxygenase2 [jasmonic acid (JA) signaling], ABA (abscisic acid)-responsive gene, and APX, CAT, and POD (involved in antioxidant defense). Proteomic analysis in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-inoculated plants revealed upregulated expression of signal transduction proteins, including Ca2+ transporter ATPase, calcium-dependent protein kinase, calmodulin, and energy-related proteins (NADH dehydrogenase, iron-sulfur protein NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase, and ATP synthase). Future research should focus on the role of stress hormones, such as JA, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids, in salt-stressed MI plants and how MI affects the cell wall, secondary metabolism, and signal transduction in host plants.
 ...
PMID:Insights Into Microbially Induced Salt Tolerance and Endurance Mechanisms (STEM) in Plants. 3298 94