Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.3.14 (ATP synthase)
 7,042 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of Ca(2+) in intact cells was monitored with fluorescent probes: fura-2 for cytosolic [Ca(2+)] and rhod-2 for mitochondrial [Ca(2+)]. It was found that in neoplastic cells, such as Ehrlich ascites tumour and Zajdela hepatoma, but not in non-malignant cells, such as fibroblasts, glucose and deoxyglucose elicited release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum stores and an increase in Ca(2+) concentration in the cytosol. Parallel to this, a decrease in the rate of Ca(2+) extrusion from the cell and an enhanced uptake of Ca(2+) by mitochondria were observed. The increase in mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] was accompanied by an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential and the reduction state of nicotinamide nucleotides. F(1)F(o)-ATPase in submitochondrial particles of Zajdela hepatoma was strongly inhibited in the presence of micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations, whereas this activity in submitochondrial particles from rat liver appeared to be less sensitive to Ca(2+). Indications of glycosylation of Ehrlich ascites tumour cell proteins were also obtained. These data strengthen the proposal [Bogucka, K., Teplova, V.V., Wojtczak, L. and Evtodienko, Y. V. (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1228, 261-266] that the Crabtree effect is produced by mobilization of cell calcium, which is subsequently taken up by mitochondria and inhibits F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase.
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PMID:Effect of glucose and deoxyglucose on the redistribution of calcium in ehrlich ascites tumour and Zajdela hepatoma cells and its consequences for mitochondrial energetics. Further arguments for the role of Ca(2+) in the mechanism of the crabtree effect. 1040 59

Recent advances in bioenergetics consist of discoveries related to rotational coupling in ATP synthase (FoF(1)), uncoupling proteins (UCP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). As shown in cloned sheep, mammalian genomes are composed of both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and maternal mtDNA. Oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) varies greatly depending on cellular activities, and is regulated by both gene expression and the electrochemical potential difference of H(+) (Delta muH(+)). The expression of both mtDNA (by mtTFA) and nDNA for oxphos and UCP (by NRFs, etc.) is coordinated by a factor called PGC-1. The Delta muH(+) rotates an axis in FoF(1) that is regulated by inhibitors and ATP-sensitive K(+)-channels. We cultured human rho(o) cells (cells without mtDNA) in synthetic media and elucidated relationships among mtDNA, nDNA, Delta muH(+), UCPs, ROS, and apoptosis. These cells lack oxphos-dependent ROS formation and survive under conditions of high O(2). Cells cultured in the absence of ROS scavengers have proliferated for 40 years. UCPs lower Delta muH(+) and prevent ROS formation and resulting apoptosis. These results were applied to diabetology and gerontology. The pancreatic rho(o) cells did not secrete insulin, and mtDNA mutations caused diabetes, owing to the deficient Delta muH(+). Insulin resistance was closely related to UCPs and other energy regulators. The resulting high-glucose environment caused glycation of proteins and ROS-mediated apoptosis in vascular cells involved in diabetic complications. Telomeres, oxphos, and ROS are determinants in cellular aging. Cell division and ROS shortened telomeres and accelerated aging. In aged cells, Delta muH(+) was reduced by the slow respiration, and this change induced apoptosis. Cybrids made from aged cytoplasts and rho(o) cells showed that both decreased expression of nDNA, and somatic mutations of mtDNA are involved in the slowing of respiration in aged cells.
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PMID:Regulation of energy metabolism in human cells in aging and diabetes: FoF(1), mtDNA, UCP, and ROS. 1060 4

Characterisation of 35 Kluyveromyces lactis strains lacking mitochondrial DNA has shown that mutations suppressing rho(0)-lethality are limited to the ATP1, 2 and 3 genes coding for the alpha-, beta- and gamma- subunits of mitochondrial F(1)-ATPase. All atp mutations reduce growth on glucose and three alleles, atp1-2, 1-3 and atp3-1, produce a respiratory deficient phenotype that indicates a drop in efficiency of the F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase complex. ATPase activity is needed for suppression as a double mutant containing an atp allele, together with a mutation abolishing catalytic activity, does not suppress rho(0)-lethality. Positioning of the seven amino acids subject to mutation on the bovine F(1)-ATPase structure shows that two residues are found in a membrane proximal region while five amino acids occur at a region suggested to be a molecular bearing. The intriguing juxtaposition of mutable amino acids to other residues subject to change suggests that mutations affect subunit interactions and alter the properties of F(1) in a manner yet to be determined. An explanation for suppressor activity of atp mutations is discussed in the context of a possible role for F(1)-ATPase in the maintenance of mitochondrial inner membrane potential.
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PMID:Mutant residues suppressing rho(0)-lethality in Kluyveromyces lactis occur at contact sites between subunits of F(1)-ATPase. 1071 81

Glucose prevents the development of diabetes induced by alloxan. In the present study, the protective mechanism of glucose against alloxan-induced beta-cell damage was investigated using HIT-T 15 cell, a Syrian hamster transformed beta-cell line. Alloxan caused beta-cell damages with DNA fragmentation, inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release, and decrease of cellular ATP level, but all of these beta-cell damages by alloxan were prevented by the presence of 20 mM glucose. Oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of ATP synthase, completely abolished the protective effects of glucose against alloxan-induced cell damage. Furthermore, treatment of nuclei isolated from HIT-T15 cells with ATP significantly prevented the DNA fragmentation induced by Ca2+. The results indicate that ATP produced during glucose metabolism plays a pivotal role in the protection of glucose against alloxan-induced beta-cell damage.
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PMID:Protective mechanism of glucose against alloxan-induced beta-cell damage: pivotal role of ATP. 1076 56

Insulin is stored in secretory granules in the beta-cell and is secreted by exocytosis. This process is precisely controlled to achieve blood glucose homeostasis. Many forms of diabetes mellitus display impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion. This has been shown to be the primary cause of the disease in the various forms of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and has also been implicated in adult-onset Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Glucose generates ATP and other metabolic coupling factors in the beta-cell mitochondria. By plasma membrane depolarisation ATP promotes Ca2+ influx, which raises cytosolic Ca2+ and triggers insulin exocytosis. Through hyperpolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane glucose also increases the Ca2+ concentration in the mitochondrial matrix activating Ca(2+)-sensitive dehydrogenases in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The resulting generation of glutamate participates in Ca(2+)-stimulated exocytosis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes some of the polypeptides of the respiratory chain enzyme complexes. Mutations in mtDNA lead to maternally inherited diabetes mellitus characterised by impaired insulin secretion. The impact of altered mtDNA on insulin secretion has been shown in mtDNA-deficient beta-cell lines which have lost glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but retain a Ca(2+)-induced insulin secretion. A cellular model of MODY3 expressing dominant-negative hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha) also displayed deletion of glucose-induced but not Ca(2+)-induced insulin secretion. Reduced mitochondrial metabolism explains this secretory pattern. Thus, genetically manipulated beta-cell lines are essential tools in the investigation of the molecular basis of beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes and should explain the role of other transcription factors in the disease.
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PMID:Beta-cell mitochondria in the regulation of insulin secretion: a new culprit in type II diabetes. 1076 87

The fungicidal mechanism of a naturally occurring sesquiterpene dialdehyde, polygodial, was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In an acidification assay, polygodial completely suppressed the glucose-induced decrease in external pH at 3.13 microgram/ml, the same as the fungicidal concentration. Acidification occurs primarily through the proton-pumping action of the plasma membrane ATPase, Pma1p. Surprisingly, this ATPase was not directly inhibited by polygodial. In contrast, the two other membrane-bound ATPases in yeast were found to be susceptible to the compound. The mitochondrial ATPase was inhibited by polygodial in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations similar to the fungicidal concentration, whereas the vacuolar ATPase was only slightly inhibited. Cytoplasmic petite mutants, which lack mitochondrial DNA and are respiration deficient, were significantly less susceptible to polygodial than the wild type, as was shown in time-kill curves. A pet9 mutant which lacks a functional ADP-ATP translocator and is therefore respiration dependent was rapidly inhibited by polygodial. The results of these susceptibility assays link enzyme inhibition to physiological effect. Previous studies have reported that plasma membrane disruption is the mechanism of polygodial-induced cell death; however, these results support a more complex picture of its effect. A major target of polygodial in yeast is mitochondrial ATP synthase. Reduction of the ATP supply leads to a suppression of Pma1 ATPase activity and impairs adaptive responses to other facets of polygodial's cellular inhibition.
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PMID:Effect of polygodial on the mitochondrial ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1085 59

To gain a better understanding of the potential role of altered gene expression in the diminished muscle function in old age, we performed a broad search for transcripts expressed at quantitatively different levels in younger (21-24 yr) and older (66-77 yr) human vastus lateralis muscle by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Because SAGE was based on RNA pooled from muscle of several different subjects, relative concentrations of selected mRNAs also were determined in individual muscle samples by quantitative RT-PCR. There were 702 SAGE tags detected at least 10 times in one or both mRNA pools, and the detection frequency was different (at P < 0.01) between young and older muscle for 89 of these. The ratio of myosin heavy chain 2a mRNA to myosin heavy chain 1 mRNA was reduced in older muscle. The mRNAs encoding several mitochondrial proteins involved in electron transport (including several subunits of cytochrome-c oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase) and subunits of ATP synthase were approximately 30% less abundant in older muscle. Several mRNAs encoding enzymes involved in glucose metabolism also were less abundant in older muscle. Analysis of individual samples revealed that the differences suggested by SAGE were not artifacts of atypical gene expression in one or a few individuals. These data suggest that some of the phenotypic changes in senescent muscle may be related to altered gene transcription.
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PMID:High-abundance mRNAs in human muscle: comparison between young and old. 1090 65

The hypothesis proposing that anaplerosis and cataplerosis play an important role in fuel signaling by providing mitochondrially derived coupling factors for stimulation of insulin secretion was tested. A rise in citrate coincided with the initiation of insulin secretion in response to glucose in INS-1 beta-cells. The dose dependence of glucose-stimulated insulin release correlated closely with those of the cellular contents of citrate, malate, and citrate-derived malonyl-CoA. The glucose-induced elevations in citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malonyl-CoA, and the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium reduction state, an index of beta-cell metabolic activity, were unaffected by the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. Glucose induced a rise in both mitochondrial and cytosolic citrate and promoted efflux of citrate from the cells. The latter amounted to approximately 20% of glucose carbons entering the glycolytic pathway. Phenylacetic acid, a pyruvate carboxylase inhibitor, reduced the glucose-induced rise in citrate in INS-1 cells and insulin secretion in both INS-1 cells and rat islets. The results indicate the feasibility of a pyruvate/citrate shuttle in INS-1 beta-cells, allowing the regeneration of NAD+ in the cytosol and the formation of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH. The data suggest that anaplerosis and cataplerosis are early signaling events in beta-cell activation that do not require a rise in Ca2+. It is proposed that citrate is a signal of fuel abundance that contributes to beta-cell activation in both the mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments and that a major fate of anaplerotic glucose carbons is external citrate.
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PMID:Glucose-regulated anaplerosis and cataplerosis in pancreatic beta-cells: possible implication of a pyruvate/citrate shuttle in insulin secretion. 1090 79

The mitochondrion is a key organelle in the control of cell death. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits complex IV in the respiratory chain and is reported to possess both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic actions. We investigated the effects of continuous inhibition of respiration by NO on mitochondrial energy status and cell viability. Serum-deprived human T cell leukemia (Jurkat) cells were exposed to NO at a concentration that caused continuous and complete (approximately 85%) inhibition of respiration. Serum deprivation caused progressive loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) and apoptotic cell death. In the presence of NO, Deltapsi(m) was maintained compared to controls, and cells were protected from apoptosis. Similar results were obtained by using staurosporin as the apoptotic stimulus. As exposure of serum-deprived cells to NO progressed (>5 h), however, Deltapsi(m) fell, correlating with the appearance of early apoptotic features and a decrease in cell viability. Glucose deprivation or iodoacetate treatment of cells in the presence of NO resulted in a collapse of Deltapsi(m), demonstrating involvement of glycolytic ATP in its maintenance. Under these conditions cell viability also was decreased. Treatment with oligomycin and/or bongkrekic acid indicated that the maintenance of Deltapsi(m) during exposure to NO is caused by reversal of the ATP synthase and other electrogenic pumps. Thus, blockade of complex IV by NO initiates a protective action in the mitochondrion to maintain Deltapsi(m) this results in prevention of apoptosis. It is likely that during cellular stress involving increased generation of NO this compound will trigger a similar sequence of events, depending on its concentration and duration of release.
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PMID:The effect of nitric oxide on cell respiration: A key to understanding its role in cell survival or death. 1112 Oct 62

The role of mitochondria in stimulus-secretion coupling of pancreatic beta-cells was examined using methyl pyruvate (MP). MP stimulated insulin secretion in the absence of glucose, with maximal effect at 5 mM. K+ (30 mM) alone, or in combination with diazoxide (100 microM), failed to enhance MP-induced secretion. Diazoxide (100 microM) inhibited MP-induced insulin secretion. MP depolarized the beta-cell in a concentration-dependent manner (5-20 mM). The sustained depolarization induced by 20 mM MP was not influenced by 100 microM diazoxide, but the continuous spiking activity was suppressed by 500 microM diazoxide. Pyruvate failed to initiate insulin release (5-20 mM) or to depolarize the membrane potential. ATP production in isolated beta-cell mitochondria was detected as accumulation of ATP in the medium during incubation in the presence of malate or glutamate in combination with pyruvate or MP. There was no difference in ATP production induced by pyruvate/malate or MP/malate in isolated beta-cell mitochondria. ATP production by MP/glutamate was higher than that induced by pyruvate/glutamate, but it was much lower than that induced by alpha-ketoisocaproate/glutamate. Pyruvate (5 mM) or MP (5 mM) had no effect on the ATP/ADP ratio in whole islets, whereas glucose (20 mM) significantly increased the whole islet ATP/ADP ratio. It is concluded that MP-induced beta-cell membrane depolarization or insulin release does not relate directly to mitochondrial ATP production. Instead MP may exert a direct extramitochondrial effect, or it may stimulate beta-cell mitochondria to produce coupling factors different from ATP to initiate insulin release.
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PMID:Methyl pyruvate initiates membrane depolarization and insulin release by metabolic factors other than ATP. 1117 Nov 13


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