Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.3.14 (ATP synthase)
 7,042 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The structural organization of an expressed bovine gene (ATPA1) that encodes an isoform of the alpha-subunit of the mitochondrial F0F1 ATP synthase was determined. The gene extends over 10 kilobase-pairs and is divided into 12 exons. The first exon encodes the 5' untranslated region and approximately one-half of the presequence that targets this protein to the mitochondrion. The remainder of the presequence, together with three amino acids of the mature protein, are encoded by exon 2. Primer extension and nuclease protection analyses revealed multiple sites of transcription initiation. The 5' flanking region of the ATPA1 gene can drive the transcription of a reporter gene in an orientation-dependent manner. This promoter region contains several sequence elements which might play an important role in regulating the expression of this gene, including possible TATA and CCAAT boxes, putative Sp1-binding sites, and sequences resembling AP-1, AP-2, AP-4 and cAMP-responsive elements. The ATPA1 gene also contains sequences homologous to several motifs that are shared among some nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. These include Mt1, Mt3, Mt4, a respiratory enhancer, and NRF-2 sites. Tissue-specific differences in the ATPA1 mRNA levels were observed with high levels found in skeletal muscle and heart, and lower levels in other tissues.
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PMID:Structural organization of a nuclear gene for the alpha-subunit of the bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. 142 Mar 6

The gene structure of the human ATP synthase alpha subunit (hATP1) was determined by cloning and sequencing. This gene is approximately 14 kbp in length and contains 12 exons interrupted by 11 introns. Mapping of the clones of hATP1 and Southern blot analysis of the genomic gene showed that there were a single copy of bona fide hATP1 gene and two pseudogenes. Primer extension and S1 mapping analysis showed the presence of multiple transcription initiation sites of the hATP1 gene. No TATA box or CAAT box was found near the transcription initiation sites. Comparison with the bovine gene showed that the 5'-flanking region of the hATP1 gene has an unconserved guanine-cytosine (GC) rich region, including several binding motifs of transcriptional factors, such as Sp1, AP-2, and GCF. By functional assay of gene expression, the basal promoter activity was located near the GC rich region. Comparison of the 5'-upstream region of the hATP1 gene with those of the genes for bovine ATP synthase alpha, human beta, and human gamma subunits indicated three common sequences, suggesting that putative cis-elements coordinate the expressions of the three subunit genes for the ATP synthase. The enhancer activities derived from the 5'-deletion mutants of a hATP1-CAT chimeric gene were different in cell lines from four different human tissues, suggesting the existence of cell type-specific gene regulation.
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PMID:Gene structure and cell type-specific expression of the human ATP synthase alpha subunit. 808 50

We employed human SK-MEL-28 cells as a model system to identify cellular proteins that accompany N-(4-methyl)phenyl-O-(4-methoxy)phenyl-thionocarbamate (MMTC)-induced apoptosis based on a proteomic approach. Cell viability tests revealed that SK-MEL-28 skin cancer cells underwent more cell death than normal HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with MMTC. Two-dimensional electrophoresis in conjunction with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis or computer matching with a protein database further revealed that the MMTC-induced apoptosis is accompanied by increased levels of caspase-1, checkpoint suppressor-1, caspase-4, NF-kappaB inhibitor, AP-2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, melanoma inhibitor, granzyme K, G1/S specific cyclin D3, cystein rich protein, Ras-related protein Rab-37 or Ras-related protein Rab-13, and reduced levels of EMS (oncogene), ATP synthase, tyrosine-phosphatase, Cdc25c, 14-3-3 protein or specific structure of nuclear receptor. The migration suppressing effect of MMTC on SK-MEL-28 cell was tested. MMTC suppressed the metastasis of SK-MEL-8 cells. It was also identified that MMTC had little angiogenic effect because it did not suppress the proliferation of HUVEC cell line. These results suggest that MMTC is a novel chemotherapeutic and metastatic agents against the SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cell line.
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PMID:Proteomic analysis and the antimetastatic effect of N-(4-methyl)phenyl-O-(4-methoxy) phenyl-thionocarbamate-induced apoptosis in human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cells. 1659 96