Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.3.14 (ATP synthase)
7,042 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neoplastic transformation was found to have a marked effect on the expression of nuclear DNA (nDNA)- and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes. Examining three pairs of human diploid fibroblasts and their SV 40-transformed counterparts revealed that mRNAs for the nuclear-encoded ATP synthase beta and the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) isoform 1 and 2 genes were markedly induced, whereas the mRNA for the ANT isoform 3 gene remained unchanged. The mRNA levels for the mtDNA-encoded 12 S rRNA, ND2, ATPase6+8, COIII, ND5+6, and Cytb genes were also increased, whereas the mtDNA number declined. Similar analysis of a cervical carcinoma (HeLa), fibrosarcoma (HT1080), and an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid line (EBV-L) revealed that all three ANT isoforms were also expressed in these cells. Hence, changes in the expression of OXPHOS genes may be a common feature of transformed cells.
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PMID:Neoplastic transformation is associated with coordinate induction of nuclear and cytoplasmic oxidative phosphorylation genes. 217 14

Using rat liver mitochondria we determined that the primary biochemical target for inhibition of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by rhodamine 123 (Rh123) was FoF1-ATPase and that the amount of Rh123 associated with mitochondria is proportional to the mitochondrial membrane potential. Inhibition of coupled respiration by Rh123 in mitochondria isolated from CX-1, a Rh123-sensitive carcinoma cell type, and CV-1, a Rh123-insensitive normal epithelial cell type, was linearly related to the amount of Rh123 added (micrograms/mg protein) with CX-1 mitochondria exhibiting 2-fold greater inhibition compared to CV-1 mitochondria at any given amount of dye. The inhibition pattern for mitochondria isolated from MIP101, a Rh123-insensitive carcinoma cell type, was nonlinear, exhibiting greater sensitivity than CV-1 mitochondria at very low amounts of Rh123 but becoming less sensitive than either CV-1 or CX-1 at higher amounts. Rh123 inhibited FoF1-ATPase activity to a similar extent and in a concentration-dependent manner in both CV-1 and CX-1 mitochondria, but a different and complex pattern of inhibition was apparent for MIP101 mitochondria. Moreover, mitochondria from the 2 carcinoma cell types, CX-1 and MIP101, had higher membrane potentials (163 +/- 7 and 158 +/- 8 mV, respectively) than did mitochondria from the normal epithelial cell type, CV-1 (104 +/- 9 mV). It was concluded that differences in both mitochondrial membrane potential and sensitivity of FoF1-ATPase contribute to the selective cytotoxicity exhibited by Rh123 for certain cell types in vitro.
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PMID:Basis for the selective cytotoxicity of rhodamine 123. 288 18

It has been found that inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase in living thymocytes and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells after incubation of cells with uncoupler, rotenone or cumene hydroperoxide, depends, in a large measure, on the inhibitor protein (IF1) action. Maximum inhibition (up to 70% of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity) was found in the presence of the uncoupler in the incubation medium. Even when IF1 action was maximum, the residual ATPase activity caused marked ATP depletion in thymocytes, while in EAC cells other ATP-consuming processes prevailed. No inactive ATPase-IF1 complexes were found in intact thymocytes and EAC cells. The extent of inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase under oxidative stress was higher in thymocytes than in EAC cells and depended on cumene hydroperoxide concentration and duration of cell cellular ATP depletion. It is suggested that under certain experimental conditions IF1 can prevent cell death by slowing down the hydrolysis of cellular ATP.
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PMID:[Effect of protein inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPase in intact rat thymocytes and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells]. 757 68

Certain lipophilic cations have been reported to display anticarcinoma activities because of their selective uptake and retention by mitochondria of cancer cells. Thus, these agents may comprise a unique class of agents directed against carcinoma. After screening more than 1000 lipophilic cations, we found that the monovalent lipophilic cation, 2,6-bis(4-amino-phenyl)-4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]thiopyrylium chloride (AA1), displayed remarkable anticarcinoma activity both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike most other lipophilic cations, AA1 is stable and displays minimal light sensitivity. In vitro testing showed that AA1 was 10 times more toxic to the carcinoma cell line CX-1 than to the normal epithelial cell line CV-1. In vivo animal experiments showed that AA1 significantly prolonged the survival of mice implanted with tumors. For C57BL x DBA/2 F1 mice implanted with the mouse bladder carcinoma cell line, MB49, the treated:control ratio was 344%. For Swiss nu/nu mice implanted i.p. with the human melanoma cell line, LOX, the treated:control ratio was 341%. The most significant observation was obtained with Swiss nu/nu mice that were implanted i.p. with the human ovarian cell line, OVCAR-III. The treated:control ratio in this situation was greater than 450%. In all these tumor models, AA1 produced minimal toxicities. AA1 exhibited little inhibition of electron transport in isolated rat liver mitochondria; however, it inhibited mitochondrial ATPase with 50% inhibitory concentration of 6 microM. Compared with previously reported anticarcinoma lipophilic cations such as rhodamine 123 and dequalinium chloride, AA1 appeared to display more effective in vivo anticarcinoma activity. Thus, AA1 could be considered for further clinical development as a candidate for anticarcinoma chemotherapy.
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PMID:AA1, a newly synthesized monovalent lipophilic cation, expresses potent in vivo antitumor activity. 813 49

When Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells and thymocytes were treated with uncoupler or rotenone in glucose-free medium, rapid ATP depletion was observed in both types of the cells. Oligomycin slowed down ATP loss in thymocytes, but not in EAC cells. Thus, mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis appears to be significant in deenergized thymocytes in contrast to EAC cells, in which other ATP consuming reactions were prevailing. Complete deenergization of mitochondria by uncoupler or rotenone in these cells resulted in inactivation of mitochondrial ATPase by 65-75%. The effect was observed after complete and rapid (20-30 s) disruption of the cells with detergent, Lubrol WX. ATPase was blocked by the specific inhibitor protein (IF1) as it was shown by the studies on reactivation of this enzyme. When respiration is blocked but ATP content is supported by glycolysis, mitochondrial ATPase is not suppressed by IF1, and maintains the energization of mitochondria. It is concluded that under complete de-energization of mitochondria IF1 significantly inhibits mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis and may slow down ATP loss in thymocytes and EAC cells.
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PMID:Mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis and ATP depletion in thymocytes and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. 827 14

Nodular or multinodular goiter is the most common non-neoplastic thyroid disease and may be difficult to distinguish from true neoplastic thyroid diseases using microscopic criteria. We have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to study the protein patterns of thyroid tissues including normal thyroid, multinodular goiter, diffuse hyperplasia, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma. Specific proteins, in the region of molecular mass 15-30 kDa and isoelectric point 4.5-6.5, were identified by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and protein sequencing. The most distinctive protein found is cathepsin B, which could be detected as four spots, with differential expression in different thyroid diseases. In particular, two of these cathepsin B spots CB2 and CB3 are strongly up-regulated in neoplastic diseases, compared to non-neoplastic diseases. In addition, overexpression of ATP synthase D chain and prohibitin were observed in papillary carcinoma, which should allow it to be differentiated from follicular carcinoma. Changes in expression of other proteins were also observed in disease states compared to normal tissues, namely translationally controlled tumor protein, thioredoxin peroxidase 1, glutathione-S-transferase P, DJ-1 protein, superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn), and heat shock protein 27, but these changes are less characteristic, so they do not allow the differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. Thus, the proteomic approach is a useful diagnostic tool for studying diseases involving the thyroid nodule.
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PMID:Detection of cathepsin B up-regulation in neoplastic thyroid tissues by proteomic analysis. 1211 52

Rapamycin inhibits the FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex and causes cell cycle arrest in G1. The precise mechanism of growth inhibition by rapamycin is only partly understood. Rapamycin led to growth inhibition in the human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC3 cells after 72 h, ID50: 93 and 50 nM, respectively. Filter cDNA array analysis showed down-regulation by more than 0.75x by rapamycin in PC3 cells and LNCaP cells of the following genes: follistatin, eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF4E), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-A, ATP synthase, heat shock protein (HSP)-1. Upregulation by more than 1.5x was found for: bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, FKBP12, carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) precursor, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-3 p36 subunit, latent transforming growth factor (TGF) beta binding protein (LTBP)1. Rapamycin induced BMP4 and reduced follistatin expression in PC3 cells. This resulted in a dose-dependent nuclear expression of Smad4 and activated the SBE4 Smad-reporter, indicating activation of TGFbeta/BMP signaling. Combining rapamycin with PI3K inhibition (LY294002) increased growth inhibition. These findings illustrate that Smad signaling plays a role in the anticancer effects of rapamycin and show that combination with PI3K inhibition improves growth inhibition.
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PMID:Rapamycin induces Smad activity in prostate cancer cell lines. 1259 18

Oral tongue carcinoma is an aggressive tumor that particularly affects chronic smokers, drinkers and betel squid chewers. Patients often present symptoms at a late stage, and there is a high recurrence rate after treatment. In this article, we report the first proteomic analysis of oral tongue carcinoma to globally search for tumor related proteins. Apart from helping us to understand the molecular pathogenesis of the carcinoma, these proteins may also have potential clinical applications as biomarkers, enabling the tumor to be identified at an early stage in high risk individuals, treatment response to be predicted, and residual or recurrent carcinoma to be detected sooner after treatment. The protein expression profiles of ten oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas and their matched normal mucosal resection margins were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy. A number of tumor-associated proteins including heat shock protein (HSP)60, HSP27, alpha B-crystalline, ATP synthase beta, calgranulin B, myosin, tropomyosin and galectin 1 were consistently found to be significantly altered in their expression levels in tongue carcinoma tissues, compared with their paired normal mucosae. The expression profile portrays a global protein alteration that appears specific to oral tongue cancer. The potential of utilizing these tumor related proteins for screening cancer and monitoring recurrence warrants further investigation.
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PMID:Identification of tumor-associated proteins in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma by proteomics. 1473 Jun 89

The effects of specific inhibitors of respiratory chain, F(o)F(1)ATP synthase and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on survival of carcinoma HeLa cells and on the structure of mitochondria in the cells were studied. The inhibitors of respiration (piericidin, antimycin, myxothiazol), the F(1)-component of ATP synthase (aurovertin) and uncouplers (DNP, FCCP) did not affect viability of HeLa cells, apoptosis induced by TNF or staurosporin and the anti-apoptotic action of Bcl-2. Apoptosis was induced by combined action of respiratory inhibitors and uncouplers indicating possible pro-apoptotic action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria. Short-term incubation of HeLa cells with the mitochondrial inhibitors and 2-deoxyglucose followed by 24-48 h recovery resulted in massive apoptosis. Apoptosis correlated to transient (3-4 h) and limited (60-70%) depletion of ATP. More prolonged or more complete transient ATP depletion induced pronounced necrosis. The inhibitors of respiration and uncouplers caused fragmentation of tubular mitochondria and formation of small round bodies followed by swelling. These transitions were not accompanied with release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and were fully reversible. The combined effect of respiratory inhibitors and uncouplers developed more rapidly indicating possible involvement of ROS generated by mitochondria. More prolonged (48-72 h) incubation with this combination of inhibitors caused clustering and degradation of mitochondria.
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PMID:Inhibition of mitochondrial bioenergetics: the effects on structure of mitochondria in the cell and on apoptosis. 1521 49

Targeting of tumor tissues is one of the most powerful approaches to accelerate the efficiency of anticancer treatments. The investigation of effective targets, including proteins specifically and abundantly expressed in abnormal regions, has been one of the most important research topics in cancer therapy. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis on human breast carcinoma tissues to investigate the tumor-specific protein expression in breast carcinoma. Our study showed that ATP synthase was up-regulated in tumor tissues and was present on the plasma membrane of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we treated the breast cancer cells with ATP synthase inhibitors and examined the inhibitory efficiency. Aurovertin B, an ATP synthase inhibitor, has strong inhibition on the proliferation of several breast cancer cell lines, but little influence on the normal cell line MCF-10A. Aurovertin B inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. This study showed aurovertin B can be used as an antitumorigenic agent and may be exploited in cancer chemotherapy.
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PMID:Targeting therapy for breast carcinoma by ATP synthase inhibitor aurovertin B. 1827 35


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