Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
 65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypothalamus produces digoxin, an endogenous membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibitor and regulator of neurotransmission. Digoxin being a steroidal glycoside, is synthesised by the isoprenoid pathway. In view of the reports of elevated digoxin levels in metabolic syndrome X with high body mass index, the isoprenoid pathway mediated biochemical cascade was assessed in individuals with high and low body mass index. It was also assessed in individuals with differing hemispheric dominance to find out the relationship between digoxin status, body mass index and hemispheric dominance. The isoprenoid pathway metabolites, tryptophan / tyrosine catabolic patterns and membrane composition were assessed. In individuals with high body mass index an upregulated isoprenoid pathway with increased HMG CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin and dolichol levels and low ubiquinone levels were observed. The RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels were decreased. The tyrosine catabolites (dopamine, morphine, epinephrine and norepinephrine) were reduced and the tryptophan catabolites (serotonin, quinolinic acid, strychnine and nicotine) were increased. There was an increase in membrane cholesterol : phospholipid ratio and a reduction in membrane glycoconjugates in individuals with high body mass index. The reverse patterns were seen in individuals with low body mass index. The patterns in individuals with high body mass index and low body mass index correlated with right hemispheric dominance and left hemispheric dominance respectively. Hemispheric dominance and digoxin status regulates the differential metabolic pattern observed in individuals with high and low body mass index.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin and regulation of body mass index. 1257 94

The present study assessed the biochemical differences of free radical metabolism and mitochondrial function between right hemispheric dominant and left hemispheric dominant individuals. The following parameters were measured: (1) plasma HMG CoA reductase activity, (2) isoprenoid metabolites--digoxin and ubiquinone, (3) plasma magnesium and RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity; (4) lipid peroxidation products--malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes, and NO, (5) reduced glutathione, and (6) activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, and GSH reductase. The results showed that right hemispheric dominant individuals had (i) increased plasma HMG CoA reductase activity and elevated digoxin levels, (ii) decreased plasma magnesium and RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity, (iii) reduced ubiquinone levels, (iv) with increased levels of lipid peroxidation products and NO, (v) decreased levels of reduced glutathione and free radical scavenging enzymes, and (vi) increased tryptophan and reduced tyrosine levels. Left hemispheric dominant individuals had the opposite patterns. Right hemispheric dominance represents a hyperdigoxinemic state with membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibition and increased lipid peroxidation. Left hemispheric dominance represents the reverse pattern with hypodigoxinemic/membrane sodium-potassium ATPase stimulation and decreased lipid peroxidation. Cerebral dominance can regulate mitochondrial function and free radical metabolism.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin, cerebral dominance, and mitochondrial function/free radical metabolism. 1265 94

The present study assessed the biochemical differences in membrane composition/function between right hemispheric dominant and left hemispheric dominant individuals. The HMG CoA reductase activity, serum isoprenoid metabolite--digoxin--serum magnesium, and the RBC membrane composition/Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity were studied. The results showed that right hemispheric dominant individuals had (i) increased HMG CoA reductase activity and elevated digoxin levels, (ii) decreased RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels, and (iii) increased cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of RBC membranes with reduced membrane glycoconjugates. Left hemispheric dominant individuals had the opposite patterns. Right hemispheric dominance represents a hyperdigoxinemic state with membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibition. Left hemispheric dominance represents the reverse pattern with hypodigoxinemia and membrane sodium-potassium ATPase stimulation. Cerebral dominance can regulate membrane structure/function.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin, cerebral dominance, and membrane biochemistry. 1265 96

The role of the isoprenoid pathway in gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases, and its relation to hemispheric dominance, was assessed in this study. The following parameters were measured in patients with (i) acid peptic disease, (ii) ulcerative colitis, (iii) gallstones, (iv) cryptogenic cirrhosis liver, (v) Reye's syndrome, (vi) mesenteric artery occlusion, (vii) irritable bowel syndrome, and (viii) in individuals with right hemispheric, left hemispheric, and bihemispheric dominance: 1. plasma HMG CoA reductase, digoxin, dolichol, ubiquinone, and magnesium levels; 2. tryptophan/tyrosine catabolic patterns; 3. free radical metabolism; 4. glycoconjugate metabolism; and 5. membrane composition. In patients with gastrointestinal and hepatic disease there were elevated digoxin synthesis, increased dolichol, and glycoconjugate levels, and low ubiquinone and elevated free radical levels. The RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium were decreased. There was also an increase in tryptophan catabolites and a reduction in tyrosine catabolites in the serum. There was an increase in cholesterol: phospholipid ratio and a reduction in the glycoconjugate level of RBC membrane in these groups of patients. The same biochemical patterns were obtained in individuals with right hemispheric dominance. An upregulated isoprenoid pathway and hyperdigoxinemia is characteristic of gastrointestinal and hepatic disease and in right hemispheric chemical dominance. Right hemispheric chemical dominance is important in deciding the predisposition to gastrointestinal and hepatic disease.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin, cerebral chemical dominance, and regulation of gastrointestinal/hepatic function. 1269 Oct 2

The present study assessed the biochemical differences in lipid metabolism between right hemispheric dominant and left hemispheric dominant individuals. The HMG CoA reductase activity and the serum isoprenoidal metabolities--digoxin, dolichol, and ubiquinone--were studied. The results showed that right hemispheric dominant individuals had (i) increased HMG CoA reductase activity, (ii) elevated serum digoxin levels, (iii) reduced serum ubiquinone levels, (iv) increased serum tryptophan and reduced tyrosine, (v) increased serum dolichol levels, and (vi) decreased RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels. Left hemispheric dominant individuals had the opposite patterns. Right hemispheric dominance represents a hyperdigoxinemic state with membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibition and an upregulated isoprenoid pathway. Left hemispheric dominance represents the reverse pattern with hypodigoxinemia/membrane sodium-potassium ATPase stimulation and a downregulated isoprenoid pathway. Cerebral dominance can regulate lipid metabolism.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin, cerebral dominance, and lipid metabolism. 1269 Oct 3

The isoprenoid pathway was assessed in 15 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. The pathway was also assessed in individuals with differing hemispheric dominance to assess whether hemispheric dominance had any correlation with these disease states. The isoprenoid metabolites--digoxin, dolichol, and ubiquinone--RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity, serum magnesium and tyrosine/tryptophan catabolic patterns were assessed. The free-radical metabolism, glycoconjugate metabolism, and RBC membrane composition was also assessed. Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels were decreased while HMG CoA reductase activity and serum digoxin levels were increased in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). There were increased levels of tryptophan catabolites--nicotine, strychnine, quinolinic acid, and serotonin--and decreased levels of tyrosine catabolites--dopamine, noradrenaline, and morphine in ME. There was an increase in dolichol levels, carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins, glycolipids, total/individual GAG fractions, and lysosomal enzymes in ME. Reduced levels of ubiquinone, reduced glutathione, and free-radical scavenging enzymes, as well as increased lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide, were noticed in ME. The biochemical patterns in ME correlated with those obtained in right hemi spheric chemical dominance. The role of hypothalamic digoxin and neurotransmitter induced immune activation, altered glycoconjugate metabolism, and resultant defective viral antigen presentation, NMDA excitotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction related myalgia in the pathogenesis of ME is stressed. ME occurs in individuals with right hemispheric chemical dominance.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin, cerebral chemical dominance and myalgic encephalomyelitis. 1274 27

The study assessed the isoprenoid pathway, digoxin synthesis, and neurotransmitter patterns in individuals of differing hemispheric dominance, neurogenetic disorders, and neoplasms. The HMG CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin, magnesium, tryptophan catabolites, tyrosine catabolites, and RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity were measured in individuals of differing hemispheric dominance. The digoxin status, membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity, and serum magnesium were assessed in Huntington's disease, trisomy 21, glioblastoma multiforme, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (high grade lymphoma). The results showed that right hemispheric, chemically dominant individuals had elevated digoxin synthesis, increased tryptophan catabolites, and reduced tyrosine catabolites, and membrane Na+-K+ ATPase with hypomagnesemia. Left hemispheric, chemically dominant individuals had the opposite patterns. In neurogenetic disorders and neo plasms also hyperdigoxinemia induced membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition, and hypomagnesemia similar to right hemispheric chemical dominance could be demonstrated. The role of hemispheric chemical dominance and hypothalamic digoxin secretion play a key role in the regulation of cell differentiation/proliferation and genomic function. Ninety-five percent of the patients with neurogenetic disorders and neoplasms were right-handed/left hemispheric dominant by dichotic listening test. However, all of them had biochemical patterns similar to right hemispheric chemical dominance. Hemispheric chemical dominance has no correlation to cerebral dominance detected by handness/dichotic listening test.
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PMID:Cerebral chemical dominance and neural regulation of cell division, cell proliferation, neoplastic transformation, and genomic function. 1274 28

The isoprenoid pathway is a key regulatory pathway in the cell. It synthesizes digoxin, an endogenous membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase inhibitor and modulator of synaptic transmission. The role of the isoprenoid pathway in lung diseases and its relation to hemispheric dominance was assessed in this study. The following parameters were measured in patients with (i) bronchial asthma, (ii) chronic bronchitis emphysemia, (iii) idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, (iv) sarcoidosis, and (v) in individuals with right hemispheric, left hemispheric and bihemispheric dominance: 1. plasma HMG CoA reductase, digoxin, dolichol, ubiquinone, and magnesium levels, 2. tryptophan, tyrosine catabolic patterns, 3. free radical metabolism, 4. glycoconjugate metabolism, and 5. membrane composition. In patients with lung disease there was elevated digoxin synthesis, increased dolichol and glycoconjugate levels, and low ubiquinone and elevated free radical levels. The RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium were decreased. There was also an increase in tryptophan catabolites and reduction in tyrosine catabolites in the serum. There was an increase in cholesterol:phospholipid ratio and a reduction in glycoconjugate level of RBC membrane in these patients. The same biochemical patterns were obtained in individuals with right hemispheric chemical dominance. An upregulated isoprenoid pathway and hyperdigoxinemia are characteristic of lung disease and right hemispheric chemical dominance. Right hemispheric chemical dominance is important in deciding the predisposition to lung disease.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin, cerebral chemical dominance, and pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. 1275 34

The isoprenoid pathway produces three key metabolites--endogenous digoxin, dolichol, and ubiquinone. Since endogenous digoxin can regulate neurotransmitter transport and dolichols can modulate glycoconjugate synthesis important in synaptic connectivity, the pathway was assessed in patients with dyslexia, delayed recovery from global aphasia consequent to a dominant hemispheric thrombotic infarct, and developmental delay of speech milestone. The pathway was also studied in right hemispheric, left hemispheric, and bihemispheric dominance to find out the role of hemispheric dominance in the pathogenesis of speech disorders. The plasma/serum--activity of HMG CoA reductase, magnesium, digoxin, dolichol, ubiquinone--and tryptophan/tyrosine catabolic patterns, as well as RBC (Na+)-K+ ATPase activity, were measured in the above mentioned groups. The glycoconjugate metabolism and membrane composition was also studied. The study showed that in dyslexia, developmental delay of speech milestone, and delayed recovery from global aphasia there was an upregulated isoprenoidal pathway with increased digoxin and dolichol levels. The membrane (Na+)-K+ ATPase activity, serum magnesium and ubiquinone levels were low. The tryptophan catabolites were increased and the tyrosine catabolites including dopamine decreased in the serum contributing to a speech dysfunction. There was an increase in carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, and glycolipids levels as well as an increased activity of GAG degrading enzymes and glyco hydrolases in the serum. The cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of RBC membrane increased and membrane glycoconjugates showed a decrease. All of these could contribute to altered synaptic inactivity in these disorders. The patterns correlated with those obtained in right hemispheric chemical dominance. Right hemispheric chemical dominance may play a role in the genesis of these disorders. Hemispheric chemical dominance has no correlation with handedness or the dichotic listening test.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin and hemispheric chemical dominance: relation to speech and language dysfunction. 1277 44

The present study assessed the neurochemical differences between right hemispheric dominant and left hemispheric dominant individuals. The HMG CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin, magnesium, tryptophan catabolites, tyrosine catabolites, and RBC membrane (Na+)-K+ ATPase activity were measured in individuals of differing hemispheric dominance. The results showed that right hemispheric dominant individuals had elevated digoxin synthesis, increased tryptophan catabolites, and reduced tyrosine catabolites and membrane (Na+)-K+ ATPase with hypomagnesemia. Left hemispheric dominant individuals had the opposite patterns. Right hemispheric dominance represents a hyperdigoxinemic state with membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibition. Left hemispheric dominance represents the reverse pattern with hypodigoxinemia and membrane sodium-potassium ATPase stimulation.
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PMID:Hypothalamic digoxin, regulation of neuronal transmission, and cerebral dominance. 1277 46


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