Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
 65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Differences in skeletal muscle characteristics, metabolic profiles and functional performance between males and females were investigated using young (15--24 yrs) male and female twins as subjects. The comparison included such variables as anthropometry, muscle strength, mechanical power, maximum oxygen uptake, electrical activation of muscle, muscle fibre composition (m. vastus lateralis), and activities of several skeletal muscle enzymes. The results disclosed the following primary differences between males and females: In the various functional tests the performance of females was from 61.1 to 84.6% of that in males; distribution of slow twitch fibres in m. vastus lateralis of the females (49.1 +/- 7.7%) was lower (p less than .05) than that of the males (55.9 +/- 11.9); activities of enzymes Ca2+ stimulated ATPase, CPK, phosphorylase and LDH1a leads to py were higher (p less than .05--0.1) in the males, whereas the distribution pattern of LDH-1 isozyme was higher (p less than .05) in the females. A pronounced difference between the two groups was a almost 100% longer rise time of isometric force in females. It is concluded that the males as compared to the females demonstrate higher aerobic and strength performance capacity, more efficient neuromotoric output during contraction, more slow twitch muscle fibres and more pronounced contractile and glycolytic profiles in the skeletal muscles.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle fibre types, enzyme activities and physical performance in young males and females. 15 Jan 96

Distinct morphological regions, initial, middle and terminal segments, were distinguishable histologically; the middle segment was further subdivided into proximal, intermediated and distal parts. PAS-positive, diastase-resistant reaction was detected in the blood vessels, subepithelial tissue and stereocilia of all segments. Acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the epithelial cells with the highest activity being in the proximal part of the middle segment. Non-specific esterase gave a similar reaction but the strongest activity was in the terminal segment. Alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and adenosine monophosphatase were of similar activity in the subepithelial tissue, blood vessels, stereocilia and luminal contents; the strongest reaction occurred in the middle segment. Lactate, succinate, glutamate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases were examined; LDH was more active than the others particularly in the terminal segment. Some reaction was found in the epithelial cells, subepithelial tissue and luminal contents.
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PMID:On the regional histology and histochemistry of the epididymis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). 15 47

The histochemistry of the hepatic parenchymal cells was studied in four Callithrix jacchus. A large amount of glycogen was noted throughout the lobules while the UDPG-GT and the phosphorylases were found unevenly distributed by the hepatic strands with different degrees of reactivity. Near the central vein one of the livers showed PAS-positive nuclear corpuscles that were more conspicuous in the hepatic cells with a larger amount of cytoplasmic glycogen and weaker UDPG-GT and phosphorylase reactivities. G-6PA (in a larger amount) and LDH (in a moderate amount) were found evenly distributed in the hepatic strands. F-1-6PA was seen sometimes with a stronger reactivity at the peripheral part of the lobules. The enzymes of the pentose shunt (G-6PDH, 6-PGDH and NADPH-2-TR) reacted strongly and as a rule evenly distributed near the hepatic lobules. Occasionally they reacted more intensely in the row of hepatic cells disposed just around the central vein. Cytochrome oxidase showed a very faint reaction. Cis-aconitase and ICDH were weak or moderate. NADH-2-TR more than SDH more than MDH were seen frequently diffused near the hepatic strands. SDH and MDH in some instances showed a stronger reactivity in the row or group of hepatic cells around the central vein. ATPase at pH 6.3 was negative in the marmoset liver; ATPase at pH 7.4 was mainly found in the wall of the portal area vessels; ATPase at pH 8.5 showed a stronger reactivity in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells and ATPase at pH 9.4 was more abundant in the bile capillaries. The reactivity of the lipid metabolism enzymes was moderate with regard to alpha-GPDH or negligible with regard to beta-OHBDH. Acid phosphatase showed a stronger reaction, but almost limited to the Kupffer cells. The hepatic cells showed only a moderate amount of RNA. Some enzymes of the protein metabolism, such as GDH and leucine aminopeptidase showed a stronger reactivity while some others, such as alanyl aminopeptidase and MAO, were seen diffused near the hepatic lobules in a small amount. Enzymes of the mucopolysaccharide metabolism were not found at all (beta-glucuronidase) or showed only a weak reactivity, such as xylitol dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Histochemical data on the liver of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). 16 44

(1) The histochemical staining pattern of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) does not show unequivocal differentiation between the type I red and type II red fibres in mammalian striated muscles. (2) Since high biochemical activity of beta-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (beta-HOBDH) occurs in mitochondria of the type I red fibres, the histochemical localization of this enzyme may show a pattern of staining reciprocal to that seen for myofibrillar ATPase. (3) It remains to be confirmed that the type I red fibres, which are possibly slow-twitch physiologically, possess the highest concentration of myoglobin. The histochemical correlation of myoglobin and myofibrillar ATPase in serial sections should be studied. (4) In order to achieve a more realistic picture, various glycolytic and glycogenolytic enzymes should be incubated according to the gelatin film technique, or semipermeable membrane technique or collagen polypeptide technique. A histochemical correlation of phosphorylase, LDH, PFK, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and myofibrillar ATPase in adjacent muscle sections may throw light on the histochemical characteristics of the different fibre-types. (5) The specific histochemical demonstration of AMPase is achieved following preincubation of tissue sections. (6) ADPase has been demonstrated by the calcium precipitation technique only (GUTH and YELLIN, 1971). A number of studies claim, however, that ADPase is not demonstrable histochemically in muscle fibres. (7) The presence of magnesium ions is a prerequisite for the adequate histochemical demonstration of mitochondrial ATPase. The latter is inhibited almost completely by 40 mM Ca++ (when Mg++ is not added) at both neutral and alkaline pH values. (8) The histochemical activity of SR-AT-Pase seen as continuous reticula but without punctuate and sub-sarcolemmal staining possibly represents the extra ATPase of SR. (9) On the basis of myofibrillar ATPase reaction, an inherent heterogeneity, between the type II red and type II white may be recognized. In addition, the above fibre-types possess their respective sub-populations. (10) Following diK+ EDTA preincubation, some type II red fibres show selective lability. These are the mitochondria-rich fibres. Thus in the total absence of both punctuate and subsarcolemmal staining, the presence of mitochondrial ATPase activity under the histochemical conditions for myofibrillar ATPase is unlikely. (11) The reaction pattern of CK/ATPase (coupled reaction) at pH 6.9 is distinctly intermyofibrillar and unlike SDH-pattern. This reticular reaction is associated mainly with the SR and hence the importance of transphosphorylation in this organelle for the Ca++ uptake and muscle relaxation. (12) The CK/ATPase reaction at pH8.0 has shown important histoenzymatic characteristics. At this pH value the type I red fibres and slow-twitch soleus show myofibrillar reaction pattern. This identical histochemical behaviour suggests that type I red fibres are possibly slow-contracting...
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PMID:Histochemical characteristics of vertebrate striated muscle: a review. 18 61

The effect of hypothyroidism on cerebral and cerebellar synaptosome development has been studied. Neonatal hypothyroidism was induced following addition of 0.3% propylthiouracil to the diet of nursing mothers. Maturation profiles of total synaptosome fraction and specific activities of lactate dehydrogenase, Na+K ATPase, cytochrome c oxidase, and protein were obtained from days 6 to 32 on synaptosomes isolated from Ficoll-sucrose gradients. The greatest changes were found in the total activities of enzymes isolated from the cerebellum. Hypothyroidism induced a retardation of LDH and cytochrome c oxidase in cerebellar synaptosomes, but no change in corresponding specific activities. Maximum rates of 14C-leucine incorporation into cerebellar synaptosome protein was found at 16-20 days, after which a rapid decline occurred to adult levels at 32 days. In neonatal hypothyroidism, synthesis was significantly reduced at 8 and 14 days, but reached control levels or above at 21--32 days. In the cerebrum, maximum rates of 14C-leucine incorporation into synaptosome protein were identified at 8--12 days in normal with a rapid drop to adult levels at approximately 20 days. In neonatal hypothyroidism, peak activities were identified at 14 days and increased activities over control were noted at 14, 20 and 30 days. These observations demonstrate the sensitivity of the developing cerebellar synaptic apparatus to neonatal hypothyroidism, with a protraction in the peak levels of synaptosome protein synthesis in cerebrum and cerebellum.
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PMID:Effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on cerebral and cerebellar synaptosome development. 18 56

Rats were made to drink D2O mixed water (30: 70) for 6 weeks in order to study the biological effects of orally administered D2O on the liver. Heavy water administration results in gradual decrease in the body weight whereas the liver showed marginal increase in weight throughout the experimental period. Phosphatases and dehydrogenases were analyzed biochemically. Acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase registered fall in contrast to alkaline phosphatase, SDH and LDH, all of which showed a definite increase. Lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, estimated biochemically, gradually decreased throughout the experimental period in response to D2O feeding.
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PMID:Biologic effects of orally administered deuterium oxide on rat liver. 19 33

Conventional methods for determination of membrane-associated Mg- and NaK-ATPase activity typically involve a timed incubation of enzyme with ATP followed by measurement of released Pi. They are time-consuming, require a large amount of enzyme protein, and show considerable variability induplicate samples. These problems can be largely eliminated with a coupled enzyme assay in which formation of ADP by ATPase is coupled to NADH oxidation with the intermediate enzymes PK and LDH and the intermediate substrate phosphoenolpyruvate present in excess. NADH oxidation is continuously recorded at 340 nm, and NaK-ATPase represents the ouabain suppressible fraction of total ATPase. This method allows accurate determinatin of initial reaction rates which vary linearly with respect to enzyme protein. Furthermore, it eliminates the need to measure Pi and prevents accumulation of inhibitory ADP. In over 100 preparations of LPM prepared from rats pretreated with agents known to alter ATPase activity or exposed in vitro to ATPase inhibitors. ATPase activity by the coupled-enzyme assay paralleled results obtained with the conventional method. Moreover, the coupled-enzyme assay required less membrane protein, showed less variability in duplicate samples, required half the time, and also yielded accurate values in brain, kidney, and heart tissue. This improved assay should find broad application in the study of membrane ATPase as they relate to a variety of cellular functions.
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PMID:Validation of a recording spectrophotometric method for measurement of membrane-associated Mg- and NaK-ATPase activity. 21 24

Rats subjected to physical training through swimming increased their weight at a slower rate than controls, which initially had the same characteristics. The ratio heart weight/body weight was 23% greater in the trained rats. However, the absolute weights of the hearts were only 7% greater. The ultrastructural morphometric study, backed up by and analysis of the hierarchical variance, did not reveal significant changes neither in the myofibrillar and mitochondrial volume nor in the number of mitochondria per surface unit of myocardium. Furthermore, no variations were recorded, due to training, in the amount of mitochondrial protein nor in the specific mitochondrial activities of malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase. It is therefore suggested that the increase in the measured parameters, due to training, is proportional to the increase in weight and size of the heart. On the other hand, the specific activity of LDH increased by 15% after the first weeks of training.
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PMID:Effects of physical training on rat myocardium. An enzymatic and ultrastructural morphometric study. 59 84

Spinal cords of 15 species representing six classes of vertebrates and the protochordate amphioxus were examined with histochemical methods for esterase, ATPase, LDH, PAS, and PAS-phosphorylase. Ependymal and glial cell processes were demonstrated and resembled heavy metal impregnations. Capillaries also were shown. The prominence of glycogen-rich ependymal structures in the spinal cord of nonmammalian vertebrates, and the increase in intramedullary blood vessels in placental mammals, suggest an inverse relationship between the relative development of the ependyma and of the blood supply. The marsupial opossum has sparseness of both ependyma and capillaries, but exhibits an extensive pattern of branched glial processes in both white and gray matter.
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PMID:Inverse prominence of ependyma and capillaries in the spinal cord of vertebrates: a comparative histochemical study. 81 14

The structure and histochemistry of the palmar and plantar skin were studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). In this skin there exist well-developed epidermal ridges, to which are attached one or two ducts of sweat glands. A thick stratum corneum can be seen in the epidermis, while a distinct stratum lucidum cannot be isolated from the other layers. The stratum granulosum is constituted by one or three layers of cells containing keratohyalin granules. Melanin granulations are mainly concentrated in the basal cells of the epidermal ridges. Dendritic melanocytes and amelanotic melanocytes containing alkaline phosphatase are found among the epidermal cells. Glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylases are mainly present in the middle and lower Malpighian cells of the epidermal ridges. Alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, alanyl amino-peptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were absent in the epidermal cells. SDH, cytochrome oxidase, MAO and a certain number of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, ADH, MDH, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH and GDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the basal cells and Malpighian layer. The NADP-dependent enzymes (G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, cis-aconistase and ICDH) were more reactive in the upper Malpighian layer and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum showed some acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase reactivity. The collagenous fibers intertwined with a small number of very thin elastic ones and a larger amount of reticular fibers run almost parallel to the epidermal ridges in the papillary body. In the reticular dermis some fibers are disposed transversely to the epidermal ridges. Meissner corpuscles reactive to butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific esterase and G-6-PA are disposed at regular intervals and frequently at each side of the epidermal ridges. Pacinian corpuscles were found only in the hypodermis. The eccrine sweat glands contain glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylase in their secretory, ductal and myoepithelial cells. The secretory part shows a uniform reactivity for every dehydrogenase because it contains only one type of cells (clear cells). The intraepidermal segment of the ducts shows a stronger reactivity to nonspecific esterase and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases than the epithelial cells around it.
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PMID:The skin of the palms and soles of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). 82 86


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