Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

European domestic pigs are derived from the European wild pig by genetic selection and differ in their muscular-growth ability. Thus, it was the aim of this study to investigate the consequences of genetic selection on muscle composition and fibre size in the gracilis muscle. Fibre typing based on the ATPase reaction revealed that this muscle in wild pigs is composed mainly of type-I and -IIa fibres, whereas, in domestic pigs, type-IIb fibres were predominant. For all fibre types, domestic pigs had about threefold larger fibres than wild pigs. Type-I fibres tended to be the smallest fibres in domestic pigs, but the largest fibres in wild pigs, which may be due to long-term training effects in the free-ranging animals. Giant fibres as an indicator of degeneration were obvious only in the domestic-pig samples. Their occurrence, as well as the larger fibre size and the predominance of type-IIb fibres in domestic pigs, may be ascribed to high concentrations of growth hormone. It is concluded that selection for muscular growth may favour metabolic dysbalances within the muscle and, therefore, degenerative processes.
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PMID:Consequences of selection on muscle composition. A comparative study on gracilis muscle in wild and domestic pigs. 858 8

Expression of the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit was investigated in the gill and trunk kidney of Salmo trutta. Groups of freshwater (FW) fish were treated with various hormones [cortisol: 3 x 4.0 micrograms/g; recombinant salmon growth hormone (rsGH): 3 x 0.25 micrograms/g; salmon prolactin (sPRL): 3 x 0.25 micrograms/g; recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor-I (rbIGF-I): 2 x 0.01 micrograms/g; or 2 x 0.1 micrograms/g] or transferred to 25 parts per thousand seawater (SW) and sampled after 1, 2, 3, and 50 days. Total RNA was analyzed by Northern blotting using Xenopus laevis Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit cDNA as probe. The probe detected a 3.8-kb transcript. Relative to untreated FW control fish, the abundance of alpha-subunit Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase mRNA in gill tissue increased 1.7-to 2.5-fold after treatment with cortisol, rsGH, and rbIGF-I and after transfer to SW. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase enzyme activity was also significantly stimulated in these groups, except at 0.01 micrograms/g rbIGF-I. sPRL was without effect. In the kidney, alpha-subunit mRNA level and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity were unaffected by hormone treatment and SW transfer. The results indicate that an increased abundance of alpha-subunit mRNA is part of the molecular mechanism behind the increased gill Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity induced by SW transfer, cortisol, GH, and IGF-I.
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PMID:Expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in the brown trout, Salmo trutta: in vivo modulation by hormones and seawater. 859 35

The potential roles of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in seawater (SW) acclimation of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were examined. Compared to controls, fish in 12 ppt seawater given one or three injections (2-6 days) of GH (ovine, 0.2 microgram.g-1) or IGF-I (recombinant bovine, 0.05-0.2 microgram.g-1) had significantly greater salinity tolerance as judged by lower plasma sodium, osmolality, and muscle moisture content following transfer to 34 ppt. Single injections of GH and IGF-I in fish in fresh water failed to improve salinity tolerance following transfer to 25 ppt SW. Treatment of fish in 12 ppt with GH or IGF-I for 2-6 days did not increase gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity, but treatment with GH prevented decreases in gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity that occurred in controls following transfer to 34 ppt seawater. Fish in fresh water administered GH by implants (5.0 microgram.g-1) or osmotic minipumps (0.5 micrograms.g-1 day-1) for 7-14 days had greater gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity and salinity tolerance than controls. IGF-I administered by implants (0.5-1.0 microgram.g-1) or osmotic minipumps (0.1 microgram.g-1 day-1) for 4-14 days did not increase salinity tolerance or gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity. Cortisol implants (50 micrograms.g-1) also increased gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity and salinity tolerance after 14 days, and in combination with GH had a synergistic effect, Although IGF-I and cortisol implants had no significant effect after 7 days, in combination they significantly increased gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity. The results indicate that GH and cortisol can increase salinity tolerance and gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity of Atlantic salmon and together act in synergy. Although IGF-I can increase salinity tolerance in short-term treatments (2-6 days) in 12 ppt, it is less effective than GH in increasing salinity tolerance and gill Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity in long-term treatments (7-14 days) and in interacting with cortisol.
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PMID:Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on salinity tolerance and gill Na+, K+-ATPase in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): interaction with cortisol. 871 39

We studied the effect of 24 h of uninephrectomy and somatostatin analogue, an inhibitor of growth hormone secretion, in microdissected nephron segment H-ATPase, H-K ATPase and Na-K ATPase activities. Systemic acid-base status, plasma and tissue electrolytes, and aldosterone levels in the uninephrectomized rats were similar to controls. Uninephrectomy increased fractional sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate excretion (p < 0.05). After 24 h the solitary kidney weighted the same as the single kidney from sham-operated controls. Protein content of the microdissected nephron segments studied enzymatically did not differ from control. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in plasma and kidney were also similar. By contrast, ATPase values in uninephrectomized animals were markedly elevated: H-ATPase was increased by 91 +/- 5% in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (p < 0.005), 65 +/- 3% in medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (MTAL) (p < 0.01), 92 +/- 9% in cortical collecting tubule (CCT) (p < 0.005), and 94 +/- 8% in medullary collecting tubule (MCT) (p < 0.005). In these same animals, H-K ATPase activity was also increased: 88 +/- 6% in CCT (p < 0.005) and 92 +/- 5% in MCT (p < 0.005). Uninephrectomy also decreased Na-K ATPase activity in PCT, MTAL and CCT, but enzyme activity in MCT remained unchanged. Somatostatin analogue administration to animals with one kidney had no effect on metabolic parameters or plasma and kidney IGF-1 concentrations nor did it prevent the alterations in renal ATPase activities observed with uninephrectomy done. The analogue alone had no effect in control animals. While the mechanisms responsible for the increase in renal ATPases seen after uninephrectomy are not known, they are independent of aldosterone, potassium, or IGF-1.
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PMID:Renal ATPases twenty-four hours after uninephrectomy: the role of IGF-1. 880 27

In freshly isolated individual rat adipocytes, cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) as measured with fura 2 slowly declined during incubation but was sustained, or even somewhat increased, by brief treatment with growth hormone (GH) at the beginning of a 3-h incubation period. GH-treated adipocytes were more permeable to Ca2+ than GH-deprived cells as indicated, using Mn2- as a surrogate and monitoring influx by the rate of quenching of fura 2 fluorescence. Blockage of Ca2- channels with 100 nM nimodipine lowered [Ca2+]i in GH-treated cells to the level seen in GH-deprived cells. Increases in [Ca2+]i or the rate of Mn2+ entry were twofold greater in GH-treated than in GH-deprived cells when extracellular K+ was increased to 30 mM. Similarly, the Ca2+ channel agonist BAY K 5552 or the diacylglycerol analogue 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol increased [Ca2+]i more in GH-treated than in GH-deprived adipocytes. Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was two times higher in plasma membranes isolated from GH-treated than from GH-deprived cells. Continued synthesis of Ca(2+)-ATPase may depend on [Ca2+]i, since the effects of GH on [Ca2+]i and Ca(2+)-ATPase were blocked by a cycloheximide or verapamil. We suggest that voltage-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels regulate steady-state [Ca2+]i in rat adipocytes and that GH maintains the number or functional integrity of these channels.
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PMID:Growth hormone regulates cytosolic free calcium in rat fat cells by maintaining L-type calcium channels. 896 50

It is increasingly clear that growth hormone (GH) has growth-promoting effects in fishes, which are mediated in part by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. Growth-promoting actions of prolactin (PRL) have been reported in higher vertebrates, but are less well established in teleosts. We examined the effects of injecting homologous GH or the two homologous tilapia PRLs (tPRL177 and tPRL188) on the in vitro incorporation of [35S] sulfate (extracellular matrix synthesis) and [3H]thymidine (DNA synthesis) by ceratobranchial cartilage explants and on IGF-I mRNA levels in tilapia liver. Tilapia GH (tGH) and tPRL177 stimulated sulfate uptake at the highest doses examined. Thymidine incorporation was stimulated by tPRL177. tPRL188 was without these effects. Consistent with its somatotropic actions, tGH elevated IGF-I mRNA levels in the liver. tPRL177 also elevated liver IGF-I levels. Consistent with the previously described osmoregulatory actions of GH and PRL in teleosts, we observed that tGH elevated and tPRL177 and tPRL188 lowered levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. High-affinity, low-capacity binding sites for tGH in the tilapia liver were identified. tPRL177 binds with lower affinity than tGH to these sites but can displace 125I-labeled tGH from its receptor. The ability of tPRL177 to displace tGH was similar to that of ovine GH. tPRL188 did not displace 125I-labeled tGH binding. Collectively, this work suggests that tPRL177 may possess somatotropic actions similar to tGH, but only in freshwater tilapia where tPRL177 levels are sufficiently high for it to act as a competitive ligand for GH receptors.
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PMID:Somatotropic actions of the homologous growth hormone and prolactins in the euryhaline teleost, the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. 905 Sep 6

To date, growth hormone (GH) is known to contribute to seawater adaptation only in salmonid fishes (primitive Euteleostei). Accordingly, the effects of homologous GH and two forms of homologous prolactin (PRL177 and PRL188) on hypoosmoregulatory ability and gill Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in a more advanced euryhaline cichlid fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), were examined. Following adaptation of hypophysectomized fish to 25% seawater for 3 weeks, fish were given four injections of hormone or vehicle. They were then exposed to 100% seawater for 12 hr and examined for changes in plasma osmolality. Tilapia GH (0.02 and 0.2 microgram/g) significantly improved the ability of tilapia to decrease plasma osmolality following transfer to full-strength seawater, in a dose-related manner. Growth hormone treatment also significantly stimulated gill Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity (0.5 microgram/g). Both tilapia PRLs (PRL177 and PRL188) increased plasma osmolality in 100% seawater and reduced gill Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity, the effects induced by PRL188 being more significant than those by PRL177. Thus, GH may be involved in seawater adaptation of tilapia, a species belonging to the most advanced teleost super-order (Acanthopterygii), whereas both PRLs in tilapia are not involved in seawater adaptation.
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PMID:Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone and prolactin in an advanced teleost. 912 69

We tested the hypothesis that nutritional state affects seawater acclimation by transferring either fed or food-deprived (2 weeks) male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from fresh water to full-strength sea water. Food-deprivation resulted in a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, cortisol, glucose, total amino acid, glutamate, serine and alanine, and in hepatic pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, whereas the prolactin-188 to prolactin-177 ratio (tPRL188:tPRL177) and plasma prolactin-188 (tPRL188), lactate, arginine and hepatic glycogen content and hepatic alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities were lower than in the fed group. Seawater transfer significantly increased the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, growth hormone (GH), glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine levels as well as gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and hepatic PK and LDH activities, whereas plasma tPRL177, tPRL188, glycine and lysine concentrations were significantly lower than in fish retained in fresh water. There was a significant interaction between nutritional state and salinity that affected the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Cl-, GH, glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, alanine, glycine, arginine and hepatic PK, LDH, AlaAT, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and HOAD activities. These results, taken together, indicate that food-deprived fish did not regulate their plasma Cl- levels, despite an enhancement of plasma hormonal and metabolic responses in sea water. Our study also suggests the possibility that plasma prolactin and essential amino acids may be playing an important role in the seawater acclimation process in tilapia.
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PMID:Food-deprivation affects seawater acclimation in tilapia: hormonal and metabolic changes 932 Mar 94

Administration of growth hormone (GH) results in increased body weight gain in dogs. Increased body weight gain is believed to be a result of the trophic effect of GH on the musculoskeletal system. However, edema is one of the side effects described in man following exogenous GH administration. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if the expected increased weight gain in GH-treated dogs is a result of increased muscle mass. Porcine growth hormone (pGH), administered subcutaneously to beagle dogs at doses of 0.025, 0.1, and 1 IU/kg/day for 14 wk, resulted in elevated serum GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels (see accompanying paper, Prahalada et al). This was associated with a significant increase in body weight gain and weights of the cranial tibialis muscle in both male and female dogs. The increased muscle mass likely contributed to the significant increase in body weight gain seen in both sexes. Quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle sections stained for ATPase activity showed increases in type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch) myofiber sizes in mid- and high-dose males and in high-dose females. The ratio of type I and type II muscle fibers remained unchanged. Hypertrophic myofibers were enlarged but had a normal histologic and ultrastructural organization when observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The results of this study have demonstrated that increased muscle mass in pGH-treated dogs is related to hypertrophy of muscle fibers and not due to edema. Exogenous GH administration has an anabolic effect on skeletal muscle in dogs.
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PMID:Effect of chronic growth hormone administration on skeletal muscle in dogs. 954 58

The ability of ovine growth hormone (oGH), recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor I (rbIGF-I), recombinant human insulin-like growth factor II (rhIGF-II), and bovine insulin to increase hypoosmoregulatory capacity in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus was examined. Fish acclimated to brackish water (BW, 10 ppt salinity, 320 mOsm/kg H2O) were injected with a single dose of hormone and transferred to seawater (SW, 35 ppt salinity, 1120 mOsm/kg H2O) 2 days later. Fish were sampled 24 h after transfer and plasma osmolality, plasma glucose, and gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity were examined. Transfer from BW to SW increased plasma osmolality and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Transfer from BW to BW had no effect on these parameters. rbIGF-I (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 microg/g) improved the ability to maintain plasma osmolality and to increase gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. oGH (0.5, 1, and 2 microg/g) also increased hypoosmoregulatory ability but only the higher doses (2 microg/g) significantly increased gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. oGH (1 microg/g) and rbIGF-I (0.1 microg/g) had a significantly greater effect on plasma osmolality and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than either hormone alone. rhIGF-II (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 microg/g) and bovine insulin (0.01 and 0.05 microg/g) were without effect. The results suggest a role of GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in seawater acclimation of F. heteroclitus. Based on these findings and previous studies, it is concluded that the capacity of the GH/IGF-I axis to increase hypoosmoregulatory ability may be a common feature of euryhalinity in teleosts.
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PMID:Evidence for growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis regulation of seawater acclimation in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. 967 82


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