Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thyroid hormones modulate energy metabolism and importantly influence growth and development. These effects are independently mediated. Thyroid calorigenesis is influenced predominantly via nuclear receptor mediated synthesis of mitochondrial respiratory assemblies and cell membrane sodium potassium ATPase. Accumulating evidence suggests that many of the thyroid hormone effects on development are mediated via growth factors, including somatomedins (SM), erythropoietin (EP), nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Thyroid hormone binding to nuclear receptors is known to stimulate growth hormone (GH) synthesis, and thyroid hormones probably potentiate GH stimulation of SM production as well as the anabolic effects of SM. The production of EP, NGF and EGF also are thyroid hormone responsive, and it seems likely that these growth factors mediate the thyroid hormone effects on erythrocyte production, autonomic and perhaps central nervous system maturation, and epidermal development, respectively.
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PMID:The thyroid hormone effects on growth and development may be mediated by growth factors. 621 63

This study reports the effects of the administration of pharmacologic doses of vitamin A on multiple parameters of thyroid function. Vitamin A decreased total T4 and T3 levels. With vitamin A treatment, there was a marked increase in the percentage dialyzable T3 and T4 both in vivo and in vitro. The serum-free T3 and T4 levels as measured by dialysis were on the whole normal in vitamin A-treated rats. Following thyroidectomy, the total T4 levels were still decreased, suggesting that vitamin A produced its effects by increasing peripheral clearance of thyroxine. Vitamin A did not alter basal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or its response to thyroid releasing hormone, suggesting a relatively normal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in vitamin A-treated animals. Vitamin A may decrease tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormones as evidenced by the tendency to decreased Na-K-ATPase activity in the livers from vitamin A-treated rats and the decreased growth hormone response to T3 in GH3 pituitary cultures as shown in this study and by the decreased basal metabolic rate found after vitamin A in previous studies. Vitamin A decreased thyroid gland size and increases 125I thyroid uptake. In vitro, vitamin A enhanced T4 to T3 conversion in hepatic homogenates.
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PMID:Effect of vitamin A on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. 624 41

Groups of hypophysectomized rats were treated with pharmacologic doses of growth hormone, triiodothyronine or cortisone acetate alone or with a combination of growth hormone plus triiodothyronine or growth hormone plus cortisone. After a 7 day period of treatment the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of ouabain (mg ATPase) and in the absence of ouabain (total ATPase) was determined. Ouabain-suppressible sodium, potassium-dependent ATPase or (Na+ + K+) ATPase was calculated as the difference in the rate of hydrolysis in the presence and absence of ouabain. The activity of the Mg ATPase was significantly reduced in brain after treatment with growth hormone regardless of whether other hormone. In liver there was a significant increase in (Na+ + K+) ATPase in growth hormone, triiodothyronine, or (Na+ + K+) ATPase but there was no effect of triiodothyronine or cortisone and no interaction with the effect of growth hormone. In liver there was a significant increase in (Na+ + K+) ATPase in growth hormone, triiodothyronine, or cortisone-treated animals but Mg ATPase was unaffected by hormone treatment except for the group receiving both growth hormone and cortisone. In kidney homogenates both growth hormone and triiodothyronine significantly increased the activity of the (Na+ + K+) ATPase. There was no effect of cortisone. These data suggest that growth hormone and triiodothyronine may both be calorigenic through their effect on the sodium pumping mechanism in the call membrane.
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PMID:Sodium potassium dependent ATPase in hypophysectomized rats: response to growth hormone, triiodothyronine, and cortisone. 628 14

The matrix of peroxisomes has been considered to be homogeneous. However, a fine network of tubules is visible in electron micrographs at very high magnification. This substructure becomes more positive in a high-contrast photocopy and with an imaging-plate method. Clofibrate, bezafibrate, and aspirin increase peroxisomes. In proliferated peroxisomes, the density of matrix is low and the fine network is more visible. The effect of proliferators is more significant in males than in females. This sex difference may involve the action of estrogen, growth hormone, cytochrome P-450 and thyroxine. Mg-ATPase is localized on the limiting membrane of peroxisomes. Even on the membrane of irregular projections of proliferated peroxisomes, Mg-ATPase is evident cytochemically. Carnitine acetyltransferase is detectable in the matrix of proliferated peroxisomes. Withdrawal of proliferators results in a rapid decrease of peroxisomes. This may indicate the existence of peroxisome suppressors. Alternatively, dynamic transformation of vesicular to tubular types in peroxisome reticulum may occur. Such transformation has been described in lysosomes and mitochondria.
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PMID:Molecular organization of hepatocyte peroxisomes. 755 86

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were injected with one of two recombinant bovine hormones, growth hormone (bGH; 5.0 and 0.5 micrograms.g-1 body wt) or placental lactogen (bPL; 5.0, 0.5, and 0.05 micrograms.g-1 body wt) to determine the effect on growth, plasma cortisol concentration, cytosolic corticosteroid receptors (CR) in the gills, and the development of hypoosmoregulatory ability. One week following a single injection or six weekly injections of bGH or bPL, the fish were measured and sampled for CR concentration and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in the gills. Fish were also challenged with salt water (salinity 25%) for 24 hr to determine saltwater tolerance at the end of the 6-week treatment. Treatment with bPL and bGH significantly increased weight and length of the fish. The 0.05-micrograms bPL dose significantly elevated plasma cortisol concentration, whereas all other hormone treatments did not affect cortisol levels. bPL and bGH also significantly increased CR concentration and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in the gills. The perturbation in plasma sodium concentration was least in animals receiving the highest dose of bPL and the bGH-treated animals following transfer to seawater. An increase in cytosolic CR by bGH and bPL may increase responsiveness of the gills to cortisol and partially account for the increase in Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity and greater ability to regulate plasma sodium in seawater as exhibited by the experimental groups.
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PMID:Increases in gill cytosolic corticosteroid receptor abundance and saltwater tolerance in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) treated with growth hormone and placental lactogen. 778 58

Studies were undertaken to determine whether several indicators of growth hormone (GH) cell activity, namely GH content, fine structure, and volume of the GH region, differ in the pituitaries of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Tilapia raised from the stage of yolk-sac absorption for 7 months in SW contain significantly more GH in their pituitaries than in those of fish reared in FW. Pituitary growth hormone content in tilapia raised in FW for 7 months and transferred to SW for 49 days is greater than that in sibling tilapia retained in FW. Conversely, GH content is significantly lower in the pituitaries of SW-reared tilapia transferred to FW for 49 days than that in the pituitaries from fish retained in SW. Likewise, the volume of the GH region and activity of the GH cells are enhanced in pituitaries from SW-reared tilapia over that seen in pituitaries from FW fish. Taken together, all data indicate heightened GH cell activity in SW-raised tilapia and suggest that GH may play a causal role in the greater growth rates observed in SW tilapia compared to FW fish and/or that GH may be involved in SW osmoregulation. The latter suggestion is supported, in part, by our observation that in vivo oGH treatment (2 micrograms/g body wt) stimulated gill Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity.
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PMID:Effects of environmental salinity on pituitary growth hormone content and cell activity in the euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. 782 85

During pituitary development, the homeo domain protein GHF-1 is required for generation of somatotropes and lactotropes and for growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) gene expression. GHF-1 mRNA is detectable several days before the emergence of GH- or PRL-expressing cells, suggesting the existence of a somatotropic progenitor cell in which GHF-1 transcription is first activated. We have immortalized this cell type by using the GHF-1 regulatory region to target SV40 T-antigen (Tag) tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. The GHF-Tag transgene caused developmental entrapment of somatotropic progenitor cells that express GHF-1 but not GH or PRL, resulting in dwarfism. Immortalized cell lines derived from a transgenic pituitary tumor maintain the characteristics of the somato/lactotropic progenitor in that they express GHF-1 mRNA and protein yet fail to activate GH or PRL transcription. Using these cells, we identified an enhancer that activates GHF-1 transcription at this early stage of development yet is inactive in cells representing later developmental stages of the somatotropic lineage or in other cell types. These experiments not only demonstrate the potential for immortalization of developmental progenitor cells using the regulatory regions from cell type-specific transcription factor genes but illustrate the power of such model systems in the study of developmental control.
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PMID:GHF-1-promoter-targeted immortalization of a somatotropic progenitor cell results in dwarfism in transgenic mice. 809 99

Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of ovine growth hormone (oGH) on both the ultrastructural features of chloride cells and the ability of gills to extrude Na+ after transfer into seawater. February presmolts and June parrs of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were implanted with oGH. In such animals, spontaneously showing a poor ability to adapt themselves to seawater life, GH significantly increased gill Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase activity as well as gill sodium efflux into seawater. When examined by electron microscope, two types of chloride cells (alpha- and beta-types) were identified in control parrs and presmolts. GH treatment induced an increase in size and number of alpha-cells that displayed an extensive tubular system, while the beta-cells, thought to be specific to freshwater life, decreased in number. There was, concomitantly, an increase in number of accessory cells associated with the apical portion of the alpha-cells and, as a result, the formation of extensive shallow junctions between these cell types. Such functional and ultrastructural modifications that mimicked those naturally occurring during the last steps of the smoltification strongly suggest that GH stimulates the differentiation of freshwater chloride cells toward a seawater type.
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PMID:Effects of growth hormone on gill chloride cells in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). 816 Aug 80

The mechanisms that regulate cell lineage-specific and differentiation-dependent patterns of gene expression in the gastric units of the stomach are largely unknown. Transgenic mice were generated in order to identify cis-acting sequences that determine the zymogenic cell-specific pattern of expression of the mouse intrinsic factor (InF) gene and the parietal cell-specific pattern of expression of the mouse H+/K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit gene. Portions of the 5'-nontranscribed domains of each gene were linked to the human growth hormone (hGH) gene beginning at its nucleotide +3. RNA blot hybridization studies combined with multilabel immunocytochemical surveys using a panel of lineage-specific antibodies and lectins indicated that nucleotides -1035 to +24 of the mouse H+/K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit gene direct a pattern of reporter production which recapitulates the parietal cell-specific and developmental patterns of expression of the endogenous gene. Analysis of three mosaic founders containing H+/K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit-1035 to +24/hGH+3 revealed that they had monophenotypic gastric units: a given unit contained either a wholly hGH-positive or a wholly hGH-negative population of parietal cells. These latter findings provide very strong evidence that gastric units are monoclonal, i.e. they are supplied by stem cells having one genotype. Although some, but not all, parietal cells are apparently derived from the same committed progenitor as zymogenic cells, virtually all parietal cells in a given gastric unit, but none of its zymogenic cells, express InF-1029 to +55/hGH+3. This suggests that InF-1029 to +55 may contain cis-acting sequences which allow parietal cell expression in other species (e.g. humans) but lack additional elements which normally function in mice to suppress InF expression in this lineage. The absence of hGH in zymogenic cells also means that the transcriptional regulatory environments of parietal and zymogenic cells derived from the same precursor are distinguishable by InF-1029 to +55. H+/K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit-1035 to +24 and InF-1029 to +55 are the only two sequences reported to date that are able to direct foreign gene expression exclusively to a gastric epithelial cell lineage in transgenic mice. This ability to deliver gene products to parietal cells can now be exploited to identify factors that control their normal proliferation and differentiation programs and/or to specifically alter their biological properties.
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PMID:Use of transgenic mice to study regulation of gene expression in the parietal cell lineage of gastric units. 825 86

The objectives of the present study were to determine the size and enzyme properties of soleus fibers of rats subjected to a 4-day spaceflight (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, STS-41) and the effects of exogenous growth hormone (GH) on the atrophic response of the muscle. Four groups of rats were studied: 1) control (Con), 2) Con plus GH treated (Con + GH), 3) flight (Fl), and 4) F1 plus GH treated (Fl + GH). Cross-sectional area and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) were determined in fibers identified in frozen serial cross sections. Fibers were categorized immunohistochemically as slow, fast, or slow-fast on the basis of their reaction with slow and fast myosin heavy-chain (MHC) monoclonal antibodies. Fibers also were categorized as light or dark on the basis of their staining for ATPase at pH 8.6. After the 4-day flight, mean body weight was significantly decreased compared with control. The absolute and relative (muscle wt/body wt) soleus weights were significantly smaller in the Fl and Fl + GH rats compared with their respective ground-based controls. In both flight groups, the cross-sectional area of the light ATPase fibers was significantly smaller (approximately 30%) than control. Three of 11 flight rats had a higher proportion of fibers expressing both slow and fast MHCs than expected on the basis of the fiber type distribution in the 11 control rats. Mean fiber succinate dehydrogenase and ATPase activities were similar among the four groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Absence of a growth hormone effect on rat soleus atrophy during a 4-day spaceflight. 845 66


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