Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
 65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A strand exchange reaction between a single-stranded DNA circle and a homologous linear double-stranded DNA molecule is catalyzed by a mixture of two T4 bacteriophage proteins, the uvsX protein (a DNA-dependent ATPase that resembles the recA protein) and the gene 32 protein (a helix-destabilizing protein). The products are different from those formed in the corresponding recA protein-catalyzed reaction; rather than producing a linear single strand plus a nicked circular double-stranded (form II) DNA molecule as the final products, interlinked DNA networks are rapidly generated. Electron microscopy reveals that these networks form from multiple pairing reactions that involve the recombination intermediates. Since the uvsX protein is present in substoichiometric quantities, it presumably recycles to catalyze these successive pairing events. Recycling of the uvsX protein has been more directly examined in an assay that monitors the rate of uvsX protein-catalyzed branch migration. The branch migration reaction is rapidly inhibited by dilution of the uvsX protein or by the addition of a heterologous competitor DNA, showing that the uvsX protein-DNA filaments that catalyze strand exchange are dynamic structures. The evidence suggests that individual uvsX protein monomers are continuously entering and leaving the cooperatively formed filament in a cycle that is strongly affected by their ATP hydrolysis.
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PMID:The mechanism of homologous DNA strand exchange catalyzed by the bacteriophage T4 uvsX and gene 32 proteins. 296 23

A DNA-dependent ATPase found in crude preparations of the phage T4 gene 32 protein, shown to be the product of the nonessential T4 dda gene, has been purified to apparent homogeneity and free of nucleases. The dda protein hydrolyzes ATP or dATP to the respective nucleoside diphosphates, in a reaction that is completely dependent on the presence of DNA. DNA in a single-stranded form is strongly preferred and there is little effect of differences in strand length or base composition. We show that the dda protein is the DNA helicase previously studied by Krell et al. (Krell, H., Durwald, H., and Hoffmann-Berling, H. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 94, 387-395); it can unwind extensive stretches of double-stranded DNA very rapidly, appearing to move with a 5'-3' polarity relative to the single DNA strand to which it initially binds. The reaction is highly distributive, indicating that the dda protein is continuously dissociating and reassociating with the DNA being unwound. The T4 gene 32 protein, a single-strand-binding, helix-destabilizing protein, competes with the dda protein for binding to single-stranded DNA. Consequently, it seems to inhibit rather than to promote the helicase reaction. The other known T4-encoded DNA helicase, the gene 41 protein, has little effect on the helicase activity of the dda protein. These results are relevant to the suspected role of the dda protein in phage T4 DNA replication, as well as to its possible role in phage genetic recombination.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of the bacteriophage T4 dda protein. A DNA helicase that associates with the viral helix-destabilizing protein. 609 51

The T4 bacteriophage dda protein is a DNA-dependent ATPase and DNA helicase that is the product of an apparently nonessential T4 gene. We have examined its effects on in vitro DNA synthesis catalyzed by a purified, multienzyme T4 DNA replication system. When DNA synthesis is catalyzed by the T4 DNA polymerase on a single-stranded DNA template, the addition of the dda protein is without effect whether or not other replication proteins are present. In contrast, on a double-stranded DNA template, where a mixture of the DNA polymerase, its accessory proteins, and the gene 32 protein is required, the dda protein greatly stimulates DNA synthesis. The dda protein exerts this effect by speeding up the rate of replication fork movement; in this respect, it acts identically with the other DNA helicase in the T4 replication system, the T4 gene 41 protein. However, whereas a 41 protein molecule remains bound to the same replication fork for a prolonged period, the dda protein seems to be continually dissociating from the replication fork and rebinding to it as the fork moves. Some gene 32 protein is required to observe DNA synthesis on a double-stranded DNA template, even in the presence of the dda protein. However, there is a direct competition between this helix-destabilizing protein and the dda protein for binding to single-stranded DNA, causing the rate of replication fork movement to decrease at a high ratio of gene 32 protein to dda protein. As shown elsewhere, the dda protein becomes absolutely required for in vitro DNA synthesis when E. coli RNA polymerase molecules are bound to the DNA template, because these molecules otherwise stop fork movement (Bedinger, P., Hochstrasser, M., Jongeneel, C.V., and Alberts, B. M. (1983) Cell 34, 115-123).
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PMID:Effects of the bacteriophage T4 dda protein on DNA synthesis catalyzed by purified T4 replication proteins. 609 52

We have recently developed an in vitro DNA synthesis system in which a synthetic heptaribonucleotide pairs with a unique site on a single-stranded fd DNA molecule and thereby primes the growth of new DNA strands from this single point (Huang, C.-C., and Hearst, J. E. (1980) Anal. Biochem. 103, 127-139). In this report, we use this system to investigate the mechanism by which various bacteriophage T4 DNA replication proteins stimulate the T4 DNA polymerase. We find that with the "polymerase accessory proteins" present (the T4 gene 44/62 and 45 proteins), the DNA polymerase proceeds rather rapidly through the occasional hairpin helices which otherwise interrupt the progress of this enzyme along single-stranded DNA templates. By using a potent inhibitor of the 44/62 ATPase, ATP gamma S (adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)), we have obtained data which suggest that ATP hydrolysis is required for the formation of a polymerase accessory protein-DNA template complex, and that this complex then persists, serving as a sliding clamp which greatly increases the strength of binding between a T4 DNA polymerase molecule and its 3'OH primer template end. The progress of the T4 DNA polymerase though hairpin helices in the DNA template is also stimulated by addition of the T4 helix-destabilizing protein (gene 32 protein). The effect of the 44/62 and 45 proteins is independent of the effect of the 32 protein in this assay, and the rate of polymerase travel over the strongest hairpin helices is increased more than 40-fold in the presence of these four additional proteins.
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PMID:Two types of replication proteins increase the rate at which T4 DNA polymerase traverses the helical regions in a single-stranded DNA template. 697 Dec 92

The T4 gene 59 protein (gp59) serves as an accessory protein to the essential T4-encoded DNA helicase, the gene 41 protein (gp41). gp59 stimulates gp41-dependent DNA synthesis reactions by promoting the assembly of gp41 onto single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), where the enzyme is activated to perform its DNA helicase functions. To better understand the mechanism of helicase-ssDNA assembly, we have studied the effects of gp59 on the intrinsic and ssDNA-stimulated ATPase activities of gp41. Our results indicate that gp59 exerts a direct effect upon the conformation and ATPase activity of gp41, by increasing the affinity of gp41 for ATP. In addition, we find that gp59 is nearly essential for promoting the assembly of gp41 onto ssDNA molecules that are covered with saturating amounts of the T4-encoded helix-destabilizing protein, gene 32 protein (gp32). Results of protein affinity chromatography experiments suggest that gp59 contains distinct binding sites for gp41 and gp32 and may therefore act as a molecular adapter between the helicase and helix-destabilizing proteins. Together, the data indicate that specific gp59-gp41 and gp59-gp32 protein-protein interactions both play important roles in the assembly of the helicase onto single-stranded DNA.
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PMID:The gene 59 protein of bacteriophage T4 modulates the intrinsic and single-stranded DNA-stimulated ATPase activities of gene 41 protein, the T4 replicative DNA helicase. 780 35

Differential hybridization was used to detect repair defects in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) that are not amenable to current analyses. cDNA libraries were constructed from cytoplasmic RNA of normal and XP fibroblast strains (complementation groups A and D) and analyzed for differential gene expression. More than 40,000 lambda gt10 cDNA clones were differentially screened with in vitro transcripts made from cDNA in the pBluescript vector. Six differential clones were detected in the libraries of the XP group A and D strains which caused stronger or weaker signals when probed with transcripts from XP strains than with those from the normal strains. Two clones coded for mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial 16 S rRNA and ATPase 6L. Overexpression of mitochondrial genes in XP may indicate that functions of the ATP-generating system are impaired since such functions are intensified whenever they become insufficient, for example as a consequence of DNA damage. It is tempting to assume that abnormal mitochondria are one of the causes for the neurological malfunctions in XP. Furthermore, densitometric analysis of Northern blots revealed that mRNA of lactate dehydrogenase, chain M, was less abundant in four XP group A strains (extent of reduction: 70%) and in two XP group D strains (extent of reduction: 58%). Enzyme activity was also diminished. In addition, mRNA of the gene for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was less expressed in the same XP group A and D fibroblast strains investigated (reduction in both complementation groups: 50%). Both glycolytic enzymes have nuclear functions apart from their role in sugar metabolism. Lactate dehydrogenase, chain M, is identical to a helix-destabilizing protein; it is closely associated with chromatin and unfolded DNA, suggesting a role in DNA synthesis and transcription. The 37-kDa subunit of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in transcription and was shown to be identical to uracil-DNA glycosylase, a base-excision repair enzyme. We presume that the nuclear functions of these glycolytic enzymes may be thwarted in the XP strains investigated and may account for malfunctions in XP, particularly for neurological disturbances.
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PMID:Expression of mitochondrial genes and DNA-repair-related nuclear genes is altered in xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. 820 43

Four-way junctions are non-B DNA structures that originate as intermediates of recombination and repair (Holliday junctions) or from the intrastrand annealing of palindromic sequences (cruciforms). These structures have important functional roles but may also severely interfere with DNA replication and other genetic processes; therefore, they are targeted by regulatory and architectural proteins, and dedicated pathways exist for their removal. Although it is well known that resolution of Holliday junctions occurs either by recombinases or by specialized helicases, less is known on the mechanisms dealing with secondary structures in nucleic acids. Reverse gyrase is a DNA topoisomerase, specific to microorganisms living at high temperatures, which comprises a type IA topoisomerase fused to an SF2 helicase-like module and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis-dependent DNA positive supercoiling. Reverse gyrase is likely involved in regulation of DNA structure and stability and might also participate in the cell response to DNA damage. By applying FRET technology to multiplex fluorophore gel imaging, we show here that reverse gyrase induces unwinding of synthetic four-way junctions as well as forked DNA substrates, following a mechanism independent of both the ATPase and the strand-cutting activity of the enzyme. The reaction requires high temperature and saturating protein concentrations. Our results suggest that reverse gyrase works like an ATP-independent helix-destabilizing protein specific for branched DNA structures. The results are discussed in light of reverse gyrase function and their general relevance for protein-mediated unwinding of complex DNA structures.
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PMID:The archaeal topoisomerase reverse gyrase is a helix-destabilizing protein that unwinds four-way DNA junctions. 2085 92