Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new superfamily of (putative) DNA-dependent ATPases is described that includes the ATPase domains of prokaryotic NtrC-related transcription regulators, MCM proteins involved in the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication, and a group of uncharacterized bacterial and chloroplast proteins. MCM proteins are shown to contain a modified form of the ATP-binding motif and are predicted to mediate ATP-dependent opening of double-stranded DNA in the replication origins. In a second line of investigation, it is demonstrated that the products of unidentified open reading frames from Marchantia mitochondria and from yeast, and a domain of a baculovirus protein involved in viral DNA replication are related to the superfamily III of DNA and RNA helicases that previously has been known to include only proteins of small viruses. Comparison of the multiple alignments showed that the proteins of the NtrC superfamily and the helicases of superfamily III share three related sequence motifs tightly packed in the ATPase domain that consists of 100-150 amino acid residues. A similar array of conserved motifs is found in the family of DnaA-related ATPases. It is hypothesized that the three large groups of nucleic acid-dependent ATPases have similar structure of the core ATPase domain and have evolved from a common ancestor.
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PMID:A common set of conserved motifs in a vast variety of putative nucleic acid-dependent ATPases including MCM proteins involved in the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. 833 51

In response to IFN-gamma, the latent cytoplasmic Stat1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins translocate into the nucleus and activate transcription. We showed previously that Stat1 recruits a group of nuclear proteins, among them MCM5 (minichromosome maintenance) and MCM3, for transcription activation. MCM5 directly interacts with the transcription activation domain (TAD) of Stat1 and enhances Stat1-mediated transcription activation. In this report, we identified two specific residues (R732, K734) in MCM5 that are required for the direct interaction between Stat1 and MCM5 both in vitro and in vivo. MCM5 containing mutations of R732/K734 did not enhance Stat1-mediated transcription activation in response to IFN-gamma. In addition, it also failed to form complexes with other MCM proteins in vivo, suggesting that these two residues may be important for an interaction domain in MCM5. Furthermore, MCM5 bearing mutations in its ATPase and helicase domains did not enhance Stat1 activity. In vitro binding assays indicate that MCM3 does not interact directly with Stat1, suggesting that the presence of MCM3 in the group of Stat1TAD-interacting proteins is due to the association of MCM3 with MCM5. Finally, gel filtration analyses of nuclear extracts from INF-gamma-treated cells demonstrate that there is a MCM5/3 subcomplex coeluting with Stat1. Together, these results strongly suggest that Stat1 recruits a MCM5/3 subcomplex through direct interaction with MCM5 in the process of IFN-gamma-induced gene activation.
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PMID:Identification of two residues in MCM5 critical for the assembly of MCM complexes and Stat1-mediated transcription activation in response to IFN-gamma. 1124 27

The six conserved MCM proteins are essential for normal DNA replication. They share a central core of homology that contains sequences related to DNA-dependent and AAA(+) ATPases. It has been suggested that the MCMs form a replicative helicase because a hexameric subcomplex formed by MCM4, -6, and -7 proteins has in vitro DNA helicase activity. To test whether ATPase and helicase activities are required for MCM protein function in vivo, we mutated conserved residues in the Walker A and Walker B motifs of MCM4, -6, and -7 and determined that equivalent mutations in these three proteins have different in vivo effects in fission yeast. Some mutations reported to abolish the in vitro helicase activity of the mouse MCM4/6/7 subcomplex do not affect the in vivo function of fission yeast MCM complex. Mutations of consensus CDK sites in Mcm4p and Mcm7p also have no phenotypic consequences. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses and in situ chromatin-binding experiments were used to study the ability of the mutant Mcm4ps to associate with the other MCMs, localize to the nucleus, and bind to chromatin. We conclude that the role of ATP binding and hydrolysis is different for different MCM subunits.
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PMID:Different phenotypes in vivo are associated with ATPase motif mutations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe minichromosome maintenance proteins. 1197 89

The Mcm2-7p heterohexamer is the presumed replicative helicase in eukaryotic cells. Each of the six subunits is required for replication. We have purified the six Saccharomyces cerevisiae MCM proteins as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and have reconstituted the Mcm2-7p complex from individual subunits. Study of MCM ATPase activity demonstrates that no MCM protein hydrolyzes ATP efficiently. ATP hydrolysis requires a combination of two MCM proteins. The fifteen possible pairwise mixtures of MCM proteins yield only three pairs of MCM proteins that produce ATPase activity. Study of the Mcm3/7p ATPase shows that an essential arginine in Mcm3p is required for hydrolysis of the ATP bound to Mcm7p. Study of the pairwise interactions between MCM proteins connects the remaining MCM proteins to the Mcm3/7p pair. The data predict which subunits in the ATPase pairs bind the ATP that is hydrolyzed and indicate the arrangement of subunits in the Mcm2-7p heterohexamer.
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PMID:Reconstitution of the Mcm2-7p heterohexamer, subunit arrangement, and ATP site architecture. 1248 Sep 33

Cdc6 proteins play an essential role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in Eukarya. Genes coding for putative homologs of Cdc6 have been also identified in the genomic sequence of Archaea, but the properties of the corresponding proteins have been poorly investigated so far. Herein, we report the biochemical characterization of one of the three putative Cdc6-like factors from the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsoCdc6-1). SsoCdc6-1 was overproduced in Escherichia coli as a His-tagged protein and purified to homogeneity. Gel filtration and glycerol gradient ultracentrifugation experiments indicated that this protein behaves as a monomer in solution (molecular mass of about 45 kDa). We demonstrated that SsoCdc6-1 binds single- and double-stranded DNA molecules by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. SsoCdc6-1 undergoes autophosphorylation in vitro and possesses a weak ATPase activity, whereas the protein with a mutation in the Walker A motif (Lys-59 --> Ala) is completely unable to hydrolyze ATP and does not autophosphorylate. We found that SsoCdc6-1 strongly inhibits the ATPase and DNA helicase activity of the S. solfataricus MCM protein. These findings provide the first in vitro biochemical evidence of a functional interaction between a MCM complex and a Cdc6 factor and have important implications for the understanding of the Cdc6 biological function.
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PMID:Biochemical characterization of a CDC6-like protein from the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. 1296

DNA replication is a key event of cell proliferation and the final target of signal transduction induced by growth factor stimulation. It is also strictly regulated during the ongoing cell cycle so that it occurs only once during S phase and that all the genetic materials are faithfully duplicated. DNA replication may be arrested or temporally inhibited due to a varieties of internal and external causes. Cells have developed intricate mechanisms to cope with the arrested replication forks to minimize the adversary effect on the stable maintenance of genetic materials. Helicases play a central role in DNA replication. In eukaryotes, MCM (minichromosome maintenance) protein complex plays essential roles as a replicative helicase. MCM4-6-7 complex possesses intrinsic DNA helicase activity which translocates on single-stranded DNA form 3' to 5'. Mammalian MCM4-6-7 helicase and ATPase activities are specifically stimulated by the presence of thymine-rich single-stranded DNA sequences onto which it is loaded. The activation appears to depend on the thymine content of this single-strand, and sequences derived from human replication origins can serve as potent activators of the MCM helicase. MCM is a prime target of Cdc7 kinase, known to be essential for activation of replication origins. We will discuss how the MCM may be activated at the replication origins by template DNA, phosphorylation, and interaction with other replicative proteins, and will present a model of how activation of MCM helicase by specific sequences may contribute to selection of replication initiation sites in higher eukaryotes.
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PMID:Control of DNA replication: regulation and activation of eukaryotic replicative helicase, MCM. 1603 17

Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum MCM (mtMCM) is a helicase required for DNA replication. Previous electron microscopy studies have shown mtMCM in several oligomeric forms. However, biochemical studies suggest that mtMCM is a dodecamer, likely a double hexamer (dHex). The crystal structure of the N-terminal fragment of mtMCM reveals a stable dHex architecture. To further confirm that the dHex is not an artifact of crystal packing of two hexamers, we investigated the relevance of the dHex by disrupting the hexamer-hexamer interactions seen in the crystal structure via site-directed mutagenesis and examining various biochemical activities of the mutants in vitro. Using a combination of biochemical and structural assays, we demonstrated that changing arginine to alanine at amino acid position 161 or the insertion of a six-aminoacid peptide at the hexamer-hexamer interface disrupted dHex formation and produced stable single hexamers (sHex). Furthermore, we showed that the sHex mutants retained wild-type level of ATPase and DNA binding activities but had decreased helicase activity when compared with the wild type dHex protein. These biochemical properties of mtMCM are reminiscent of those of SV40 large T antigen, suggesting that the dHex form of mtMCM may be the active helicase for DNA unwinding during the bidirectional DNA replication.
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PMID:Double hexamer disruption and biochemical activities of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum MCM. 1622 79

Binding of Cdc6 to the origin recognition complex (ORC) is a key step in the assembly of a pre-replication complex (pre-RC) at origins of DNA replication. ORC recognizes specific origin DNA sequences in an ATP-dependent manner. Here we demonstrate cooperative binding of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc6 to ORC on DNA in an ATP-dependent manner, which induces a change in the pattern of origin binding that requires the Orc1 ATPase. The reaction is blocked by specific origin mutations that do not interfere with the interaction between ORC and DNA. Single-particle reconstruction of electron microscopic images shows that the ORC-Cdc6 complex forms a ring-shaped structure with dimensions similar to those of the ring-shaped MCM helicase. The ORC-Cdc6 structure is predicted to contain six AAA+ subunits, analogous to other ATP-dependent protein machines. We suggest that Cdc6 and origin DNA activate a molecular switch in ORC that contributes to pre-RC assembly.
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PMID:ATPase-dependent cooperative binding of ORC and Cdc6 to origin DNA. 1622 6

Pyrococcus furiosus, a hyperthermophilic Archaea, has homologs of the eukaryotic MCM (mini-chromosome maintenance) helicase and GINS complex. The MCM and GINS proteins are both essential factors to initiate DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Many biochemical characterizations of the replication-related proteins have been reported, but it has not been proved that the homologs of each protein are also essential for replication in archaeal cells. Here, we demonstrated that the P. furiosus GINS complex interacts with P. furiosus MCM. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the GINS complex is detected preferentially at the oriC region on Pyrococcus chromosomal DNA during the exponential growth phase but not in the stationary phase. Furthermore, the GINS complex stimulates both the ATPase and DNA helicase activities of MCM in vitro. These results strongly suggest that the archaeal GINS is involved in both the initiation and elongation processes of DNA replication in P. furiosus, as observed in eukaryotic cells.
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PMID:The GINS complex from Pyrococcus furiosus stimulates the MCM helicase activity. 1798 47

The MCM2-MCM7 (minichromosome maintenance 2-7) complex is involved both in the initiation and the elongation step of eukaryotic DNA replication and is believed to be the replicative helicase. Whereas the mechanism of DNA unwinding at the replication fork has been extensively investigated, the role of the MCM2-MCM7 complex during initiation has not yet been characterized by biochemical studies. Here we summarize the in vivo evidence which supports a role for the MCM complex in origin melting. In addition, we present an overview of the mechanism of action of a number of AAA+ (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) initiators and hexameric helicases, which can be used in turn as models for the steps of recognition, duplex melting, loading and nucleic acid translocation of the MCM helicase.
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PMID:The MCM complex: (just) a replicative helicase? 1820 1


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