Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
 65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Muscle biopsies for histochemical and ultrastructural analysis were obtained from seven critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the "Domingo Luciani" Hospital, Caracas, Venezuela. The sample included two patients with sepsis of abdominal origin, and five that presented sepsis/MOFS, with renal, hepatic, and respiratory disturbances and muscular weakness. Sections were examined for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) after pre-incubation with both acid buffer (pH 4.37 and 4.6) and alkaline buffer (pH 10.3), for reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide diaphorase (NADHd), and for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH). Sections were stained with hematoxilin and eosin to look for pathological changes and examined with a transmission electron microscope. Skeletal muscle of patients in early stage of sepsis showed a normal aspect with light microscopy, but at the ultrastructural level some of the fibres showed atrophy and some capillaries looked altered. Patients with sepsis/MOFS exhibited an evident muscle disorder with oedema, infiltrate, atrophy and segmental necrosis. All fibre types showed decrease in diameter; specially fibre types IIA and IIB. Intramuscular capillaries were thickened and occluded, indexes of capillarity were slightly reduced, and fibre oxidative activity was decreased. At ultrastructural level fibres showed severe atrophy, contractile system disorganization and segmental necrosis. Capillaries were also altered and the mononuclear cell infiltrate was abundant and represented by macrophages, lymphocytes and mastocytes.
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PMID:Histochemical and ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle in patients with sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). 947 42

The effects of an intravenous injection of Interleukin-13 (IL-13) after endotoxin administration on diaphragm muscle were studied using Wistar rats. Two treatment groups, a control (saline+endotoxin) group and an IL-13 (IL-13+endotoxin) group were studied. E. coli endotoxin (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 minutes after saline or IL-13 (0.25 microg) injection. The force-frequency curves, twitch kinetics and fatigability were measured at 0 and 4 hours after endotoxin injection. The force-frequency curves and twitch tension in the control group were significantly lower at 4 hours than those at 0 hour due to endotoxin. On the other hand, IL-13 prevented the decrement of the force-frequency curves and twitch tension induced by endotoxin. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry showed positive staining at 4 hours due to endotoxin in the control group; however, IL-13 also blocked NADPH diaphorase staining at 4 hours. Furthermore, the positive muscle fibers detected by the NADPH diaphorase staining were classified as type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers by ATPase staining. We conclude that IL-13 prevents the deterioration of contraction induced by endotoxin by inhibiting nitric oxide production in the diaphragm muscle, mainly the type I muscle fibers.
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PMID:Interleukin-13 prevents diaphragm muscle deterioration in a septic animal model. 1067 21

THE ALDEHYDES INTRODUCED IN THIS PAPER AND THE MORE APPROPRIATE CONCENTRATIONS FOR THEIR GENERAL USE AS FIXATIVES ARE: 4 to 6.5 per cent glutaraldehyde, 4 per cent glyoxal, 12.5 per cent hydroxyadipaldehyde, 10 per cent crotonaldehyde, 5 per cent pyruvic aldehyde, 10 per cent acetaldehyde, and 5 per cent methacrolein. These were prepared as cacodylate- or phosphate-buffered solutions (0.1 to 0.2 M, pH 6.5 to 7.6) that, with the exception of glutaraldehyde, contained sucrose (0.22 to 0.55 M). After fixation of from 0.5 hour to 24 hours, the blocks were stored in cold (4 degrees C) buffer (0.1 M) plus sucrose (0.22 M). This material was used for enzyme histochemistry, for electron microscopy (both with and without a second fixation with 1 or 2 per cent osmium tetroxide) after Epon embedding, and for the combination of the two techniques. After fixation in aldehyde, membranous differentiations of the cell were not apparent and the nuclear structure differed from that commonly observed with osmium tetroxide. A postfixation in osmium tetroxide, even after long periods of storage, developed an image that-notable in the case of glutaraldehyde-was largely indistinguishable from that of tissues fixed under optimal conditions with osmium tetroxide alone. Aliesterase, acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase, and DPNH and TPNH diaphorase activities were demonstrable histochemically after most of the fixatives. Cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphatase were retained after hydroxyaldipaldehyde and, to a lesser extent, after glyoxal fixation. The final product of the activity of several of the above-mentioned enzymes was localized in relation to the fine structure. For this purpose the double fixation procedure was used, selecting in each case the appropriate aldehyde.
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PMID:Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. 1397 66

A description is provided of the ratio of slow-tonic vs. slow- and fast-twitch fibers for five muscles in the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. The cross-sectional area of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross-sectional area occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Two hindlimb muscles (flexor digitorum longus, FDL; external gastrocnemius, EG) were selected on the basis of their suitability for future motor-unit studies. Three neck muscles (the fourth head of testo-cervicis, TeC4; the fourth head of retrahens capitus collique, RCCQ4; transversalis cervicis, TrC) were chosen for their progressively decreasing oxidative capacity. Serial sections were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH-diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH). Conventional fiber-type classification was then performed using indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism: i.e., slow oxidative (SO, including slow-twitch and possibly slow-tonic fibers), fast-twitch, oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), and fast-twitch glycolytic (Fg) fibers. Slow-tonic fibers in the SO class were then revealed by directing the monoclonal antibody, ALD-58 (raised against the slow-tonic fiber myosin heavy chain of chicken anterior latissimus dorsi), to additional muscle cross sections. All five of the tested muscles contained the four fiber types, with the ATPase-stained fibers including both slow-tonic and slow-twitch fibers. The extreme distributions of SO fibers were in the predominately glycolytic TrC vs. the predominately oxidative TeC4 muscle (TrC-SO, 9%; FOG, 20%; Fg, 71% vs. TeC4-SO, 58%: FOG, 16%; Fg, 25%). Across the five muscles, the relative prevalence of slow-tonic fibers (4-47%) paralleled that of the SO fibers (9-58%). TeC4 had the highest prevalence of slow-tonic fibers (47%). The test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration of each fiber type, with the distribution of slow-tonic fibers paralleling that of the SO fibers. In the five test muscles, fiber cross-sectional area was usually ranked Fg > FOG > SO, and slow-twitch always > slow-tonic. In terms of weighted cross-sectional area, which provides a coarse-grain measure of each fiber type's potential contribution to whole muscle force, all five muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-sectional area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type prevalence. This was also the case for the slow-twitch vs. slow-tonic fibers. We conclude that slow-tonic fibers are widespread in turtle muscle. The weighted cross-sectional area evidence suggested, however, that their contribution to force generation is minor except in highly oxidative muscles, with a special functional role, like TeC4. There is discussion of: 1) the relationship between the present results and previous work on homologous neck and hindlimb muscles in other nonmammalian species, and 2) the potential motoneuronal innervation of slow-tonic fibers in turtle hindlimb muscles.
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PMID:Slow-tonic muscle fibers and their potential innervation in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. 1573 49

We investigated the relationship between nitric oxide (NO) and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA) in the gill of anadromous Atlantic salmon. Cells containing NO-producing enzymes were revealed by means of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry, which can be used as an indicator of NOS activity, i.e. NO production. Antibodies against the two constitutive NOS isoforms, neuronal and endothelial NOS, both produced immunoreactivity restricted to large cells at the base and along the secondary lamellae. NADPHd-positive cells showed a corresponding distribution. Antibodies against the inducible NOS isoform only labeled small cells located deep in the filament. Using in situ hybridization and NKA immunoreactivity, cells expressing Na(+),K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit mRNA were found to have a similar distribution to the NOS cells. Double labeling for NOS immunoreactivity and NKA alpha-subunit mRNA revealed cellular colocalization of NKA alpha-subunit mRNA and nNOS protein in putative chloride cells at the base of the lamellae and interlamellar space. Along the lamellae, some NOS- or NKA-immunoreactive cells possessed a relatively lower expression of NKA alpha-subunit mRNA in smolts. A clear increase in NADPHd staining in the gill was demonstrated from parr to smolt. The regulatory role of NO on gill NKA activity was studied in vitro using sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 mmol l(-1)) and PAPA-NONOate (NOC-15; 0.5 mmol l(-1)) as NO donors. Both SNP and NOC-15 inhibited gill NKA activity by 30% when compared to controls. The study shows that NO systems are abundant in the gill of Atlantic salmon, that NO may be produced preferentially by a constitutive NOS isoform, and suggests that NO influence on gill functions is mediated via intracellular, possibly both auto/paracrine, inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in chloride cells. Furthermore, the increase in NADPHd in the gill during smoltification suggests a regulatory role of NO in the attenuation of the smoltification-related increase in Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity prior to entering seawater.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase in the gill of Atlantic salmon: colocalization with and inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase. 1576 2

Subfractionation of preparations of rat liver microsomes with a suitable concentration of sodium deoxycholate has resulted in the isolation of a membrane fraction consisting of smooth surfaced vesicles virtually free of ribonucleoprotein particles. The membrane fraction is rich in phospholipids, and contains the microsomal NADH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and ATPase in a concentrated form. The NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, a NADPH (or pyridine nucleotide unspecific) diaphorase, and cytochrome b(5) are recovered in the clear supernatant fraction. The ribonucleoprotein particles are devoid of, or relatively poor in, the enzyme activities mentioned. Those enzymes which are bound to the membranes vary in activity according to the structural state of the microsomes, whereas those which appear in the soluble fraction are stable. From these findings the conclusion is reached that certain enzymes of the endoplasmic reticulum are tightly bound to the membranes, whereas others either are loosely bound or are present in a soluble form within the lumina of the system. Some implications of these results as to the enzymic organization of the endoplasmic reticulum are discussed.
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PMID:ENZYME-STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF RAT LIVER : A Morphological and Biochemical Study. 1986 14

Calf and human thyroids have been disrupted by nitrogen microcavitation, and the thyroid membranes prepared by repeated centrifugation in low ionic strength buffers. Two classes of membranes were prepared by centrifugation on a discontinuous gradient of ficoll. A lighter fraction was comprised of somewhat larger vesicles; they were higher in Na(+)-K(+)-activated ATPase, phosphodiesterase, and 5'-nucleotidase than was the heavier fraction. The heavier fraction had a higher nicotinamide adenine nucleotide dehydrogenase-diaphorase activity. Thus the lighter fraction appears to have been enriched in fragments derived from the plasma membrane.
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PMID:Preparation and properties of thyroid cell membranes. 2417 60


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