Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
 65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Selected biochemical and physiological properties of skeletal muscle were studied in light of performance capabilities in 24 elite female track athletes. The feasibility of quantifying end point histochemistry and relating oxidative staining density (reduced nicotinomide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase: NADH-D) to whole body maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was also investigated, while muscle fiber types, classified according to alkaline APTase stains, were studied and related to muscle oxidative capacity (succinate dehydrogenase: SDH), VO2 max and "in vivo" torque-velocity properties. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of each subject and maximal knee extensor torques were recorded at 30 degrees from full extension at four selected velocities. While results confirm earlier reports on skeletal muscle properties and performance it was concluded that end point histochemistry could be reliably quantified and that an "oxidative" stain such as NADH-D correlates extremely well with VO2 max (r = 0.86, p less than 0.001) whereas correlations between % slow twitch fibres (Alkaline ATPase stain) and VO2 max were lower (r = 0.44, p less than 0.05). Additionally, as knee extension velocity increased from 0-1.7 rad x s-1 angle specific extensor torque production did not decline as observed in vitro and pentathletes displayed significantly larger torques at all velocities when compared to the other athletes. These data confirm that while myofibrillar ATPase staining correlates with force-velocity properties of muscle, VO2 max is better correlated with quantified oxidative staining.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle properties and performance in elite female track athletes. 646 Jun 14

Motor units of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the single lateral gastrocnemius/soleus (LG/S) muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) were found to have uniformly slow contraction times relative to homologous muscles of the cat. Though a broad range of peak tetanic tensions was found among motor units from both muscles, most of the motor units were quite large relative to tension of the whole muscle. Comparison of the relative sizes of motor units showed that those of LG/S are significantly larger and slower than the units of MG. This suggests that the motor units of the two muscles may be differentially recruited during different behaviors. All of the MG and LG/S motor units were highly or moderately resistant to fatigue. Histochemical staining for NADH-diaphorase activity indicated consistently high levels of the enzyme in all of the fibers of both muscles. Apparently, all of the fast motor units consist of fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG)-type muscle fibers. Our data provide functional evidence that the types of myofibrillar ATPase demonstrated by Brooke and Kaiser ('70), are not necessarily correlated to physiological classification of fiber types as slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) (Peter et al., '72). Perhaps compartmentalization of muscle fiber types may be a first step in the separation of muscles into multiple heads during the evolution of specialization to diverse locomotor habits among the mammals.
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PMID:Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): functional properties and fiber types. 648 10

Parallel stereo- and cytospectrophotometric examinations of human myocardial capillaries, 20-60 min after biological death were carried out. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and NAD-diaphorase in the capillary wall in relation to the sex and age in cardiovascular pathology, renal diseases and leukemias were studied. The permeability and level of energy supply of transendothelial transport were found to depend on the kind of the main pathological process and type of death. According to the parameters under study, the functional state of the capillary network of the myocardium in atherosclerosis with or without its combination with hypertension and also in secondary renal hypertension is described.
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PMID:[Stereological characteristics and enzymatic activity of myocardial capillaries in different variants of pathology and death (data from immediate autopsies)]. 686 Jan 68

1. This report describes selected histochemical and physiological properties of the motor units of adult cat soleus muscle approximately one year after self- and cross-reinnervation with the nerve of the heterogenous flexor hallucis longus (f.h.l.). Self-reinnervated f.h.l. motor units are also considered. Whole muscles were tested for fibre reaction to alkaline pre-incubated ATPase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D). Motor units were isolated and studied by splitting the ventral root in acute preparations.2. The histochemical fibre type profile in the self-reinnervated muscle was comparable to normal muscle as was mean twitch contraction time, twitch-tetanus ratio and fatigue index. The mean tetanic tension of the soleus self- and cross-reinnervated motor units appeared close to a normal soleus whereas the mean tetanic tension of the f.h.l. self-reinnervated units was significantly less than a normal f.h.l.3. An average of 14% of the fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles had high ATPase and a alpha-GPD staining intensity in contrast to normal and self-reinnervated soleus in which such fibres are absent. Thus alkaline lability of myofibrillar ATPase increased in some fibres of what was originally a homogeneous population. The small increase in the number of densely staining fibres for ATPase at an alkaline pH (14%) was associated with a 73% decrease in (mean) contraction time (41 +/- 11 ms) of the thirty-three cross-reinnervated muscle units studied, with no unit's contraction time greater than 60 ms. Mean contraction times for the self-reinnervated soleus and f.h.l. muscles were 78 +/- 31 ms and 27 +/- 8 ms respectively.4. All fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles showed intense reaction to NADH-D, as was true of self-reinnervated soleus. This staining pattern is typical of normal soleus. In concordance, these motor units consistently demonstrated a high resistance to fatigue when stimulated for a four-minute period.5. These results suggest that in the adult self-and cross-reinnervated soleus muscle, there is some active mechanism which regulates the eventual size of motor units as reflected by tetanic tension.6. Change in contraction time from that typical for a soleus unit to that similar to an f.h.l. unit remains incomplete one year after cross-reinnervation. Within this time this partial change in single motor units reflects incomplete neural control of this property rather than a mixture of self- and foreign-innervation.7. A greater degree of independence from neural control to conversion of the histochemically demonstrated myofibrillar ATPase activity exists than is the case for contraction time.
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PMID:Histochemical and physiological properties of cat motor units after self-and cross-reinnervation. 715 31

A description is provided of the fiber-type composition of several hindlimb muscles of the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. In addition, cross-section areas of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross-section area (wCSA) occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Seven muscles were selected for study, based on their suitability for future neurophysiological analysis as components of the segmental motor system, and on their homologies with muscles in other vertebrates. The test muscles were iliofibularis (ILF), ambiens (AMB), external gastrocnemius (EG), extensor digitorum communis (EDC), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and peroneus anterior (PA). Serial sections of these muscles were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH-diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), thereby enabling fiber-type classification on the basis of indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism. All muscles contained three fiber types: slow oxidative (SO; possibly including some non-twitch tonic fibers); fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG); and fast glycolytic (Fg). There were at least 30% FOG and 50% FOG + Fg fibers in the seven muscles, the extreme distributions being the predominantly glycolytic ILF vs. the predominantly oxidative FDL muscle (ILF--15.5% SO, 35.2% FOG, 49.3% Fg vs. FDL--49.1% SO, 41.1% FOG, 9.8% Fg). As in other species, the test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration (compartmentalization) of the different fiber types. This feature was most striking in ILF. Pronounced compartmentalization was also observed in AMB, EG, PA, TA, and EDC, whereas the distribution of fiber types in the highly oxidative FDL was homogeneous. In five of the seven muscles, fiber size was ranked with Fg > FOG > SO. In terms of wCSA, which provides a coarse-grain measure of the different fiber types' potential contribution to whole muscle peak force, all muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-section area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type composition. The largest relative increase in wCSA vs. fiber-type composition were in the ILF and AMB muscles. We conclude that the turtle hindlimb provides some interesting possibilities for testing for a division of labor among different muscles during different movements (e.g., sustained vs. ballistic), and for study of the behavior of the different fiber (and motor unit) types under normal and perturbed conditions. The relationships between the present results and previous findings on homologous muscles of the mammalian (cat, rat) and reptilian (lizard) hindlimb are discussed.
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PMID:Fiber-type composition of hindlimb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. 766 37

As revealed by the NADH-diaphorase and myosine ATPase, the M. extensor carpi radialis longus of the rat possesses at least 3 main kinds of fibres, with different distribution on the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. The superficial portion revealed that 67.68% are FG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 14.72% are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative) fibres and 17.60% are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres. Already the deep portion revealed that 71.29% are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 17.46% are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic) fibres and 11.25% are FG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) fibres. The miosine ATPase reaction was used to demonstrate contracting characteristics. These findings suggest that the movements of fast contraction of the M. extensor carpi radialis longus are predominant.
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PMID:Distribution of different fibre types of M. extensor carpi radialis longus of the rat. 788 87

A histochemical analysis was performed on the activity of myofibrillar ATPase following preincubation at pH 10.3 with NADH-diaphorase in the cat tail muscles (ECM; extensor caudae medialis, ECL; extensor caudae lateralis, ACE; abductor caudae externus, ACI; abductor caudae internus, FCL; flexor caudae longus, and FCB; flexor caudae brevis). Muscles contained three types of muscle fibers: FG (fast-twitch glycolytic) showed high reaction of myofibrillar ATPase staining and low reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining; FOG (fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic) showed high reaction in myofibrillar ATPase staining and high reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining; and SO (slow-twitch oxidative) showed low reaction in myofibrillar ATPase staining and high reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining. All 6 tail muscles were composed of these three types of fibers, but proportions differed in each tail muscle. Proportions of SO and FG fibers were highest in ECL (SO: 38.6 +/- 2.3, S.D. %) and ACI (FG: 59.2 +/- 5.0%), respectively. The diameters of the fibers were also measured (SO; 50.47 +/- 3.12, FOG; 58.18 +/- 2.78, FG; 70.91 +/- 3.40, S.D. microns).
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PMID:Histochemical fiber composition of cat's tail muscles. 814 97

Two strains of Chlamydia psittaci (one isolated from aborted goat foetus and the other from brain of a buffalo calf that had died of meningoencephalitis) were injected intracisternally into six goats to produce experimental mastitis. Cryostat sections of 7-8 microns thickness, obtained from udder, teat, liver and kidney of infected and control animals were incubated for histoenzymic demonstration of alkaline-(AKPase), acid-(ACPase) and adenosine-tri-(ATPase) phosphatases; lactate-(LDH) and succinate-(SDH) dehydrogenases and for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-D). Results demonstrated that AKPase and NADPH-D declined while ACPase accumulated in acinar cells of udder while both NADPH-D and ACPase decreased in teat sinus epithelium. Hepatic canaliculi in perilobular areas of liver lobules registered complete absence of AKPase and ATPase. Hepatocytes and renal tubules accumulated LDH, SDH and NADPH-D. The interstitial connective tissue of udder and kidney presented higher levels of AKPase. Comparison of results with biochemical alterations in the level of these enzymes revealed striking discrepancies which seem to arise because of failure of biochemical procedures to discriminate between functional cells of tissue and inflammatory cells. The functional significance of histoenzymic alterations has been discussed.
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PMID:Studies on experimental chlamydial mastitis in goat histoenzymology. 828 44

Adaptative changes in skeletal muscle following surface electrical stimulation (SES) were investigated in rhesus monkeys. SES was performed on the triceps brachialis muscle (TB) according to an intermittent pattern. The procedure was carried out for 3 wk, using a current with a medium frequency of 60 Hz normally observed in fast motor axons. The histochemical assays performed on biopsies taken from proximal and distal parts of the TB muscle, before and after the SES program, showed that the distribution of fibers typed by ATPase was unaffected. On the other hand, SES led to an overall increase in the mean fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA); P < 0.01 (+13.7%, NS, in proximal portion, vs +31%, P < 0.01 in distal portion). This increase in size occurred in all fiber types. SES was shown to induce an overall increase in capillary to fiber ratio (C/F; +11.06%, NS, in proximal portion, vs +25.93%, P < 0.05 in distal portion). The number of capillaries surrounding fiber Type II (CAFII) was significantly increased by SES (P < 0.05): +3.21%, NS, in proximal portion, versus +21.47%, P < 0.05 in distal portion. Moreover, the number of capillaries surrounding fiber Type I (CAFI) was statistically unaffected by SES. These results suggest that a stimulation of capillary growth may occur following SES-training. Citrate synthase activity was significantly increased after SES. This enhancement in oxidative potential was shown to occur in all fiber types (NADH-diaphorase staining).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of surface electrostimulation on the structure and metabolic properties in monkey skeletal muscle. 845 51

Rabbits given 1 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for twelve months showed (a) increased plasma levels of catecholamines (b) reduction of the arterial concentration of nitric oxide (c) lower activity of urine kallikrein and higher activities of urine kininases I and II and enkephalinase (d) reduced cardiac inotropism and augmented total peripheral resistance, with unchanged blood pressure levels (e) accumulation of the metal in the aorta and cardiac ventricles. Monoaminooxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were increased by vanadate in both kidney and liver and that of NADH-diaphorase in the kidney, in which NADPH-diaphorase activity was reduced. Some of the above results were also obtained in rats given 10 and 40 ppm of vanadate in drinking water for six-seven months; these animals showed arterial hypertension and reduced activity of Na, K-ATPase in the kidney. Vanadium appears to act on the cardiovascular function through selective neurohumoral, autacoidal and transductional mechanisms only in part depending on the species.
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PMID:[Neurohumoral, autacoid and transductional mechanisms in the cardiovascular effects of vanadate: histochemical correlations]. 937 36


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