Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A point mutant in the ATP-binding motif (GPPGVGK362T) of the ATP-dependent protease La from Escherichia coli was investigated in which the lysine at position 362 was replaced by an alanine. The catalytic efficiency of the K362A mutant is at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of wild-type protease La due to a decreased Vmax and an increased KM for ATP. Simultaneously, the peptidase activity of La K362A is almost completely eliminated. Since selective inactivation of the peptidase activity of La does not affect its intrinsic ATPase activity, coupling of proteolysis with ATP hydrolysis is only uni-directional in this energy-dependent protease.
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PMID:A point mutation within the ATP-binding site inactivates both catalytic functions of the ATP-dependent protease La (Lon) from Escherichia coli. 798 99

Protein degradation in Escherichia coli involves the ATP-dependent serine protease La. Protease La is a homotetramer with one proteolytic and one ATP binding site per monomer. Its proteolytic activity has been shown to be highly increased by simultaneous hydrolysis of ATP, which is essential for the degradation of protein substrates by this enzyme. We have cloned and purified a proteolytically inactive La mutant, in which the catalytically active serine residue at position 679 was replaced by alanine. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra of the purified wild type and mutant enzyme revealed identical conformations of the proteins. Based on this observation, the catalytic properties of the wild type enzyme and the S679A mutant were compared. Although the S679A mutant lacks proteolytic activity toward both peptide and protein substrates under all conditions investigated, its ATPase activity is completely unaffected by the removal of the protease activity. Since protein substrates stimulate the ATP-dependent hydrolysis of peptides by protease La, it has been argued that this stimulation is due to interactions with a regulatory binding site on the enzyme. In accordance with this model, protein substrates such as alpha-casein and denatured bovine serum albumin stimulate the ATPase activity of the S679A mutant to the same degree as in the active protease. Therefore, the intrinsic ATPase activity of protease La as well as its stimulation is not dependent on the simultaneous hydrolysis of the protein substrate.
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PMID:ATP hydrolysis is not stoichiometrically linked with proteolysis in the ATP-dependent protease La from Escherichia coli. 822 58

The biogenesis of the ATP-dependent PIM1 protease of mitochondria was studied by mutational analysis. The ATPase and proteolytic activities of PIM1 were shown to be essential for mitochondrial function. A proteolytically inactive mutant form of PIM1 protease accumulated as a pro-form in mitochondria, revealing a two-step processing of PIM1: the matrix targeting signal is removed by the mitochondrial processing peptidase and then a pro-region of 61 amino acids is cleaved off in an autocatalytic reaction. This latter process depended on the ATP-dependent assembly of PIM1 protease subunits and can occur by an intermolecular and, most probably, also an intramolecular pathway. The respiratory competence of cells harboring mutant PIM1 protease lacking the pro-region was strongly impaired. Subcellular fractionation revealed a cytosolic localization of mutant PIM1 protease. This demonstrates the requirement for the propeptide for efficient sorting of PIM1 protease to mitochondria.
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PMID:Autocatalytic processing of the ATP-dependent PIM1 protease: crucial function of a pro-region for sorting to mitochondria. 940 61

HslVU is an ATP-dependent protease consisting of two multimeric components, the HslU ATPase and the HslV peptidase. To gain an insight into the role of HslVU in regulation of cell division, the reconstituted enzyme was incubated with SulA, an inhibitor of cell division in Escherichia coli, or its fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP). HslVU degraded both proteins upon incubation with ATP but not with its nonhydrolyzable analog, ATPgammaS, indicating that the degradation of SulA requires ATP hydrolysis. The pulse-chase experiment using an antibody raised against MBP-SulA revealed that the stability of SulA increased in hsl mutants and further increased in lon/hsl double mutants, indicating that SulA is an in vivo substrate of HslVU as well as of protease La (Lon). These results suggest that HslVU in addition to Lon plays an important role in regulation of cell division through degradation of SulA.
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PMID:ATP-dependent degradation of SulA, a cell division inhibitor, by the HslVU protease in Escherichia coli. 1045 60

We examined the effect of peptides or protein on the proteolytic and ATPase activities of mitochondrial ATP-dependent LON protease purified from bovine adrenal cortex. Peptides/proteins including angiotensin I which stimulated ATPase activity without hydrolysis of any peptide bonds stimulated proteolysis of 125I-labeled substrates at low concentrations; whereas at high concentrations they competitively inhibited proteolysis, thus displaying a biphasic activity profile. All peptides and proteins thus examined stimulated degradation of 125I-labeled substrates. When an ATP analog was substituted for ATP, only inhibition; i.e., no stimulation, of proteolysis by unlabeled peptides was observed. Without activator peptides, degradation of [125I] peptides was higher in the presence of an ATP analog than that in the presence of ATP. ADP, a product of the ATPase reaction, inhibited the proteolytic activity in the absence of an activator peptide but not in its presence. From analogy to E. coli ATP-dependent protease La (LON), we suggest that the activator peptides stimulated the proteolysis by releasing enzyme-bound ADP.
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PMID:Activation of mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease by peptides and proteins. 1187 48

Escherichia coli Lon, also known as protease La, is a serine protease that is activated by ATP and other purine or pyrimidine triphosphates. In this study, we examined the catalytic efficiency of peptide cleavage as well as intrinsic and peptide-stimulated nucleotide hydrolysis in the presence of hydrolyzable nucleoside triphosphates ATP, CTP, UTP, and GTP. We observed that the k(cat) of peptide cleavage decreases with the reduction in the nucleotide binding affinity of Lon in the following order: ATP > CTP > GTP approximately UTP. Compared to those of the other hydrolyzable nucleotide triphosphates, the ATPase activity of Lon is also the most sensitive to peptide stimulation. Collectively, our kinetic as well as tryptic digestion data suggest that both nucleotide binding and hydrolysis contribute to the peptidase turnover of Lon. The kinetic data that were obtained were further put into the context of the structural organization of Lon protease by probing the conformational change in Lon bound to the different nucleotides. Both adenine-containing nucleotides and CTP protect a 67 kDa fragment of Lon from tryptic digestion. Since this 67 kDa fragment contains the ATP binding pocket (also known as the alpha/beta domain), the substrate sensor and discriminatory (SSD) domain (also known as the alpha-helical domain), and the protease domain of Lon, we propose that the binding of ATP induces a conformational change in Lon that facilitates the coupling of nucleotide hydrolysis with peptide substrate delivery to the peptidase active site.
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PMID:Correlation of an adenine-specific conformational change with the ATP-dependent peptidase activity of Escherichia coli Lon. 1518 86

Escherichia coli Lon, also known as protease La, is an oligomeric ATP-dependent protease, which functions to degrade damaged and certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the cell. To investigate the kinetic mechanism of E. coli Lon protease, we performed the first pre-steady-state kinetic characterization of the ATPase and peptidase activities of this enzyme. Using rapid quench-flow and fluorescence stopped-flow spectroscopy techniques, we demonstrated that ATP hydrolysis occurs before peptide cleavage, with the former reaction displaying a burst and the latter displaying a lag in product production. The detection of burst kinetics in ATP hydrolysis is indicative of a step after nucleotide hydrolysis being rate-limiting in ATPase turnover. At saturating substrate concentrations, the lag rate constant for peptide cleavage is comparable to the kcat of ATPase, indicating that two hydrolytic processes are coordinated during the first enzyme turnover. The involvement of subunit interaction during enzyme catalysis was detected as positive cooperativity in the binding and hydrolysis of substrates, as well as apparent asymmetry in the ATPase activity in Lon. When our data are taken together, they are consistent with a reaction model in which ATP hydrolysis is used to generate an active enzyme form that hydrolyzes peptide.
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PMID:Monitoring the timing of ATP hydrolysis with activation of peptide cleavage in Escherichia coli Lon by transient kinetics. 1568 51

Lon protease, also known as protease La, is one of the simplest ATP-dependent proteases that plays vital roles in maintaining cellular functions by selectively eliminating misfolded, damaged and certain short-lived regulatory proteins. Although Lon is a homo-oligomer, each subunit of Lon contains both an ATPase and a protease active site. This relatively simple architecture compared to other hetero-oligomeric ATP-dependent proteases such as the proteasome makes Lon a useful paradigm for studying the mechanism of ATP-dependent proteolysis. In this article, we survey some recent developments in the mechanistic characterization of Lon with an emphasis on the utilization of pre-steady-state enzyme kinetic techniques to determine the timing of the ATPase and peptidase activities of the enzyme.
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PMID:Recent developments in the mechanistic enzymology of the ATP-dependent Lon protease from Escherichia coli: highlights from kinetic studies. 1721 28

In the genome of a thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB27, three genes, TTC0418, TTC0746 and TTC1975, were annotated as ATP-dependent protease La (Lon). Sequence comparisons indicated that TTC0418 and TTC0746 showed significant similarities to bacterial LonA-type proteases, such as Escherichia coli Lon protease, especially in regions corresponding to domains for ATP-binding and hydrolysis, and for proteolysis, but TTC1975 exhibited a similarity only at the C-terminal proteolytic domain. The enzymatic analyses, using purified recombinant proteins produced by E. coli, revealed that TTC0418 and TTC0746 exhibited peptidase and protease activities against two synthetic peptides and casein, respectively, in an ATP-dependent manner, and at the same time, both the enzymes had significant ATPase activities in the presence of substrates. On the other hand, TTC1975 possessed a protease activity against casein, but addition of ATP did not enhance this activity. Moreover, a T. thermophilus mutant deficient in both TTC0418 and TTC0746 showed a similar growth characteristic to an E. coli lon mutant, i.e., a growth defect lag after a nutritional downshift. These results indicate that TTC0418 and TTC0746 are actually members of bacterial LonA-type proteases with different substrate specificities, whereas TTC1975 should not be classified as a Lon protease. Finally, the effects of mutations deficient in these proteases were assessed on production of several heterologous gene products from Pyrococcus horikoshii and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. It was shown that TTC0746 mutation was more effective in improving production than the other two mutations, especially for production of P. horikoshii alpha-mannosidase and G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, indicating that the TTC0746 mutant of T. thermophilus HB27 may be useful for production of heterologous proteins from thermophiles and hyperthermophiles.
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PMID:Characterization of three putative Lon proteases of Thermus thermophilus HB27 and use of their defective mutants as hosts for production of heterologous proteins. 1815 2

Lon protease, also known as protease La, is an ATP-dependent serine protease. Despite the presence of a proteolytic Ser-Lys dyad, the enzyme only catalyzes protein degradation in the presence of ATP. Lon possesses an intrinsic ATPase activity that is stimulated by protein and certain peptide substrates. Through sequence alignment and analysis, it is concluded that Lon belongs to the AAA+ protein family. Previous kinetic characterization of the ATPase domain of Escherichia coli Lon protease implicates a half-site reactivity model in which only 50% of the ATP bound to Lon are hydrolyzed to yield ADP; the remaining ATPase sites remain bound with ATP and are considered non-catalytic. In this model, it is implied that ATP hydrolysis is irreversible. To further evaluate the proposed half-site reactivity model, the reversibility of the ATPase activity of E. coli Lon was evaluated by positional isotope exchange experiments. The ATPase reactions were conducted in the 18O-enriched buffer such that the extent of 18O incorporation into inorganic phosphate generated from ATP hydrolysis could be used to evaluate the extent of reversibility in ATP hydrolysis. Collectively, our experimental data reveal that the ATPase reaction catalyzed by E. coli Lon in the presence and absence of peptide substrate that stimulated the enzyme's ATPase activity is irreversible. Therefore, the half-site ATPase reactivity of E. coli Lon is validated, and can be used to account for the kinetic mechanism of the ATP-dependent peptidase activity of the enzyme.
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PMID:Utilization of positional isotope exchange experiments to evaluate reversibility of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by Escherichia coli Lon protease. 2013 Jun 85


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