Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using cytophotometry activity changes of succinate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase were measured in 3 fibre types of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles under normal and experimental conditions. Fibres were typed by means of cytophotometrical data into slow-oxidative, fast-oxidative glycolytic and fast-glycolytic ones. After experimental hypoxia of 20 min duration a significant increase of enzyme activities was observed especially in slow-oxidative and fast-oxidative glycolytic fibres of both muscles, e.g. succinate dehydrogenase activity increased by 21% in these fibres of soleus muscle and by 23-26% in these fibres of extensor digitorum longus muscle. Moreover, an increase of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by 10% in slow-oxidative fibres and by 28% in fast-oxidative glycolytic fibres and a 10-12% increased ATPase activity in all fibres of extensor digitorum longus muscle were measured. Treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract for 3 months before exposure to hypoxia resulted in increased adenosine triphosphatase activity in all fibres of both muscles and in decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity of slow-oxidative and fast-oxidative glycolytic fibres of extensor digitorum longus muscle. These results could be interpreted as a protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract.
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PMID:Hypoxia-dependent changes of enzyme activities in different fibre types of rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. A cytophotometrical study. 886 55

Muscle biopsies for histochemical and ultrastructural analysis were obtained from seven critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the "Domingo Luciani" Hospital, Caracas, Venezuela. The sample included two patients with sepsis of abdominal origin, and five that presented sepsis/MOFS, with renal, hepatic, and respiratory disturbances and muscular weakness. Sections were examined for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) after pre-incubation with both acid buffer (pH 4.37 and 4.6) and alkaline buffer (pH 10.3), for reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide diaphorase (NADHd), and for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH). Sections were stained with hematoxilin and eosin to look for pathological changes and examined with a transmission electron microscope. Skeletal muscle of patients in early stage of sepsis showed a normal aspect with light microscopy, but at the ultrastructural level some of the fibres showed atrophy and some capillaries looked altered. Patients with sepsis/MOFS exhibited an evident muscle disorder with oedema, infiltrate, atrophy and segmental necrosis. All fibre types showed decrease in diameter; specially fibre types IIA and IIB. Intramuscular capillaries were thickened and occluded, indexes of capillarity were slightly reduced, and fibre oxidative activity was decreased. At ultrastructural level fibres showed severe atrophy, contractile system disorganization and segmental necrosis. Capillaries were also altered and the mononuclear cell infiltrate was abundant and represented by macrophages, lymphocytes and mastocytes.
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PMID:Histochemical and ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle in patients with sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). 947 42

Muscle mass, distribution of fiber types, fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) and selected enzyme activities were determined in rats hindlimb-suspended free of immobilization (Susp-Free), suspended with the ankle dorsiflexed (Susp-DF, soleus stretched) or plantarflexed (Susp-PF, soleus shortened) for 10 days and compared to cage-control (Con) rats. Reduction of muscle weight associated with suspension was prevented in Susp-DF rats. The mean CSAs of slow fibers were Con = Susp-DF > Susp > PF > Susp-Free and of fast and intermediate fiber tended to be Susp-DF > Con > Susp-PF = Susp-Free. Mean activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) in slow and fast fibers were similar in Con and Susp-Free rats. Mean SDH activity in slow fibers was higher in Susp-DF and Susp-PF than in Con and Susp-Free. No significant differences in SDH activities of fast fibers were observed among groups. GPD activity was higher in slow fibers of Susp-DF and Susp-PF compared to Con. The mATPase activity was higher in slow fibers of Susp-DF compared to Con and Susp-Free rats and lower in fast fibers of Susp-DF compared to Con rats. Thus, when compared to control, the patterns of adaptation were more similar in the Susp-DF and Susp-PF than in the Susp-Free. Although these results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that the load placed on a muscle can affect protein metabolism, the direction and magnitude of the adaptive responses observed in the present study were closely associated with the chronically imposed changes in muscle length, i.e. fixed at either a shortened or a lengthened position.
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PMID:Effects of muscle length on the response to unloading. 957 59

Myofibrillar ATPase (mATPase), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activities and cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured in fibres of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle using quantitative histochemistry. The same fibres were typed immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies specific to selected myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. The values of mATPase, SDH, GPD and CSA formed a continuum, but significant differences in mean values were observed among fibre types of presumed homogeneous MHC content. Type I fibres had the lowest mATPase activity, followed in rank order by type IIA < type IID/X < type IIB. Type IIA fibres had the highest SDH activity, followed in rank order by type IID/X > type I > type IIB. The mean GPD activity was consistently ranked according to fibre type such that type IIB > type IID/X > type IIA > type I. Type IIA fibres were the smallest, type IIB fibres were the largest and types I and IID/X were of intermediate size. Significant interrelationships between mATPase, SDH, GPD and CSA values were found on a fibre-to-fibre basis. Consequently, discrimination of fibres according to their MHC content was possible on the basis of their mATPase, SDH, GPD and CSA profiles. These intrafibre interrelationships suggest that the MHC isoform is associated with phenotypic differences in contractile, metabolic and size properties of muscle fibre types.
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PMID:Interrelationships of myofibrillar ATPase activity and metabolic properties of myosin heavy chain-based fibre types in rat skeletal muscle. 1021 27

The histochemical composition of the levator auris longus (LAL) muscle has been investigated in adult NMRi mice. Histochemical reaction for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) after preincubation in alkaline and acidic media, nicotine amideadenine-dinucleotide dehidrogenase (NADH-dehydrogenase), and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were performed on cryosections of LAL muscle. Expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms was detected with the immunoperoxidase method applying monoclonal antibodies against MyHC isoforms -1, -2a, -2x/d, and -2b, as well as by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) glycerol gel electrophoresis. The muscle was proven to be a pure fast-twitch muscle. The most numerous fibers in LAL muscles contained MyHC-2b and some MyHC-2a. Histochemically, pure IIA fibers with oxidative metabolism and pure IIB fibers with glycolytic metabolism were detected. In contrast to the majority of mature control muscles, numerous hybrid fibers coexpressing MyHC-2x/d with MyHC-2a or MyHC-2b were present. Both hybrids were oxidative-glycolytic; additionally, some hybrids containing MyHC-2a were oxidative. In one out of six muscles, traces of MyHC-1 were detected both with immunoperoxidase staining and with SDS glycerol gel electrophoresis. Rare fibers that exceptionally expressed small amounts of MyHC-1 always coexpressed MyHC-2a, which is an additional proof that pure type I fibers do not exist in LAL. Due to these histochemical characteristics and to its previously described morphological features, the use of the LAL muscle as a model for various studies, particularly muscle and nerve interactions, is emphasized.
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PMID:Fiber types in the mouse levator auris longus muscle: a convenient preparation to study muscle and nerve plasticity. 1068 98

Cytophotometrical measurements of enzyme activities were performed in the myocardium and skeletal muscle fibres from normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters (BIO 8262) during ageing from 12-14 to 120-190 days. Myocardium as well as vastus lateralis muscles of cardiomyopathic hamsters showed changes in enzyme activities. The skeletal muscle fibres were typed into slow-oxidative, fast-oxidative glycolytic and fast-glycolytic to investigate fibre type-related changes in muscles of cardiomyopathic hamsters. The following myopathic changes were mainly found: Myofibrillic ATPase was depressed in the myocardium of both ventricles in all investigated age stages. The ATPase activity of the right ventricle was more decreased than that of the left one. Additionally, a metabolic shift was observed in myocardium and slow-oxidative muscle fibres at the onset of clinical symptoms, which appeared from day 150 to day 190. During the period from 42 up to 190 days of life an increase of oxidative (succinate dehydrogenase) activity was measured in the myocardium of both ventricles and in slow oxidative fibres of vastus lateralis muscle as a proximal muscle. At earlier ages, the fast fibres of myopathic vastus lateralis muscle showed higher glycolytic (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity than those of normal muscles. However, at the age of 120-190 days the metabolic profile of fast fibres was normalized. In gastrocnemius muscle as a distal muscle no changes of enzyme activities were measured, suggesting the investigated hereditary myopathy effected proximal, but not distal muscles.
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PMID:Changes of enzyme activities in the myocardium and skeletal muscle fibres of cardiomyopathic hamsters. A cytophotometrical study. 1096 83

Percutaneous biopsies were taken from the right vastus lateralis (VL), tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (Sol), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles of eight recreationally active adult males. Approximately 60 fibers in each sample were analyzed for their type (I, IIa, or IIx), cross-sectional area (CSA), and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and calcium-activated actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (qATPase) activities. This was done to test the hypothesis that metabolic enzyme activities are more reflective of the functional diversity among human locomotor muscles than fiber type composition. The results showed that enzymatic characteristics differed more or less than expected between muscles of the same or different fiber type. For example, the relative CSA occupied by fast fibers was only about 50% greater in the mixed (LG and VL) than in the slow (Sol and TA) muscles (57 vs. 38%). At the same time, average fiber SDH activity and fiber type specific SDH:qATPase*%CSA, both used as estimates of fatigue resistance, were greater in Sol and LG than in TA and VL. As a result, the two slow muscles and the two mixed muscles had different values, and a mixed muscle (LG) had higher values than a slow muscle (TA). The findings suggest that differences in enzymatic profile, more than fiber type composition, afford human locomotor muscles the capacity to perform their purportedly divergent functional tasks.
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PMID:Metabolic enzymes and phenotypic expression among human locomotor muscles. 1135 24

In the present study, differences in glucose uptake by muscle fibers in deep, middle, and superficial regions of the gastrocnemius were studied at rest by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) microautoradiography. Expression of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) protein, an isoform of the glucose transporter family, was analyzed as well. These data were compared with the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, a marker of oxidative metabolism, a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, an indicator of the glycolytic capacity, and myofibrillar ATPase. In the deep regions of the muscle, most fibers (86.9%) showed high 2-DG uptake and large amounts of GLUT-4 protein, whereas in the superficial regions, all fibers showed low 2-DG uptake and GLUT-4 expression. In the middle regions, fibers dominated (80.4%) showed low 2-DG uptake and small amounts of GLUT-4 protein. Analysis of metabolic properties revealed that most fibers in the deep region were oxidative and showed the highest 2-DG uptake; in the superficial region, the fibers were anaerobic and showed the lowest 2-DG uptake. In the middle region, most fibers were of the anaerobic and fast twitch type. It is concluded that 2-DG uptake correlates with GLUT-4 expression in the plasma membrane of type I and IIx fibers rather than with oxidative enzyme activity.
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PMID:Microautoradiographic studies of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle fibers at rest. 1170 Sep 42

Combined methodologies of immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and photometric image analysis were applied: (1) to characterise control equine skeletal muscle fibres according to their myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition and (2) to determine on a fibre-to-fibre basis the correlation between contractile [i.e. MyHC(s), myofibrillar ATPase (mATPase) and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) isoforms], metabolic [i.e. succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activities, glycogen and phospholamban (PLB) contents], and morphological [i.e. cross-sectional area (CSA), capillary and nuclear densities] features of individual myofibres. An accurate delineation of MyHC-based fibre types was obtained with the immunohistochemical method developed. This protocol showed a high sensitivity and objectivity to delineate hybrid fibres with overwhelming dominance of one MyHC isoform and, furthermore, it allowed a semiquantitative delineation of fast hybrid fibres according to the predominant MyHC isoform expressed. The phenotypic differences in contractile, metabolic and morphological properties seen between fibre types were related to MyHC content. Slow fibres had the lowest mATPase activity (related to shortening velocity), the highest SDH activity (oxidative capacity), the lowest GPD activity (glycolytic metabolism) and glycogen content, the smallest CSA, the greatest capillary and nuclear densities, and expressed slow SERCA isoform and PLB, but not the fast SERCA isoform. The reverse pattern was true for pure IID/X fibres, and type IIA fibres had intermediate properties. Hybrid IIAD/X fibres had mean values intermediate to those of their respective pure phenotypes. Discrimination of fibres according to their MyHC content was possible on the basis of their contractile and non-contractile profiles. These intrafibre interdependencies suggest that, even when controlled by different mechanisms, myofibres of control horses exhibit a high degree of co-ordination in their physiological, biochemical and anatomical features.
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PMID:Co-ordinated expression of contractile and non-contractile features of control equine muscle fibre types characterised by immunostaining of myosin heavy chains. 1170 88

Regional differences in muscle fiber types and their glucose uptake in superficial, middle and deep regions of mouse gastrocnemius at rest were studied. The enzyme activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) and myofibrillar ATPase were used for the classification of each muscle fiber type. For the evaluations of glucose uptake, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) microradioautography and expression of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein were applied. In superficial region of mouse gastrocnemius, all fibers were IIx or IIb and were low for 2-DG uptake and GLUT4 expression. They were anaerobic and fast twitch. In middle region, fibers showing low 2-DG uptake and small amounts of GLUT-4 protein (IIx and IIb) dominated (80.4%). Most fibers were anaerobic and fast twitch. Others were type IIc and IIa. In deep region, most fibers (86.9%) showed high 2-DG uptake and large amounts of GLUT4 protein (I, IIc and IIa). They were oxidative and slow twitch.
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PMID:Regional difference in muscle fiber type and glucose uptake of mouse gastrocnemius at rest. 1193 59


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