Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

So far, enzyme histochemical examination has been applied, with few exceptions, either to tissue imprints or to cryostat sections of freshly collected samples. This procedure is not easily applicable in routine histopathologic examination. In this study, a simplified tissue embedding procedure is presented which can be performed using an automatic tissue changer. The paraffin embedded samples can be used for both conventional histopathologic examination and for demonstrating enzymes in sections. The enzymes studied (alkaline phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, acid phosphatase, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, ATPase, peroxidase, and chloroacetate esterase) gave comparable results in formalin-fixed cryostat sections and paraffin sections in both normal and pathologic lymphoid samples. The only exception was ATPase, which could not be demonstrated on paraffin-embedded material. The technic described has broad application in the analysis of lymphoid diseases.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry on normal and pathologic paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues. 703 75

A rapid isolation method was developed for plasma membranes from mouse lymphoid cells such as lymph node lymphocytes, thymocytes, radiation-induced thymoma cells and L1210 cells. Lysates of these lymphoid cells were prepared by Dounce homogenization under hypotonic conditions and directly layered on sucrose step density gradients containing 2 mM CaCl2 and 5 mM MgCl2, and centrifuged at 52 000 X g for 1 h. Plasma membrane fractions appeared at the interface between 20 and 42% sucrose in the gradients. The procedure permitted purified membranes from cells to be obtained within 3 h, and the preparations appeared to be uniform by electron microscopy. Specific activities of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase of the isolated plasma membranes were enriched 23- to 61-fold, 12- to 15-fold and 18- to 34-fold, respectively, in comparison with those of the corresponding cell homogenates. Cholesterol content of the malignant cell membranes was lower than that of the normal membranes and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid of the malignant cell membranes was also lower than that of the normal membranes. A decreased plasmalogen content was observed in the malignant plasma membranes, together with a higher percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine and a lower percentage of phosphatidylserine. In the normal cell membranes, thymocytes contained a higher percentage of phosphatidylcholine and a lower percentage of sphingomyelin than those of the lymph node lymphocytes. At all temperature ranges (5 to 40 degrees C) the plasma membranes of the malignant cells had lower microviscosity than those of the normal cells.
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PMID:Rapid isolation and lipid characterization of plasma membranes from normal and malignant lymphoid cells of mouse. 731 6

The Ca(2+)-adenosinetriphosphatase pump of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum (SERCA) plays a critical role in Ca2+ signaling and homeostasis in all cells and is encoded by a family of homologous and alternatively spliced genes. To understand more clearly the role the different isoforms play in cell physiology, we have undertaken a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the tissue distribution of transcripts encoding each SERCA isoform. SERCA1 expression is restricted to fast-twitch striated muscles, SERCA2a to cardiac and slow-twitch striated muscles, whereas SERCA2b is ubiquitously expressed. SERCA3 is expressed most abundantly in large and small intestine, thymus, and cerebellum and at lower levels in spleen, lymph node, and lung. In situ hybridization analyses revealed SERCA3 transcripts in cells of the intestinal crypt, the thymic cortex, and Purkinje cells in cerebellum. In addition, SERCA3 was expressed abundantly in isolated rat spleen lymphocytes, in various murine lymphoid cell lines, and in primary cultured microvascular endothelial cells. This analysis demonstrates that SERCA3 is expressed selectively in cells in which Ca2+ signaling plays a critical and sensitive role in regulating physiological processes.
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PMID:Localization and quantification of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform transcripts. 757 9

Na+, K(+)-ATPase expression in the epithelia of rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissue was measured using indirect immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. All four major sites of aggregated lymphoid tissue, i.e. Peyer's patch, sacculus rotundus, caecal patch and appendix, were studied. Na+, K(+)-ATPase expression was localized to the basolateral surface of cells of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and adjacent villous or surface epithelia (non-FAE), where increased expression during enterocyte migration was evident. In the FAE, expression of Na+, K(+)-ATPase appeared to be lower in the specialized M cells than in enterocytic-type cells, although expression in both cell types was lower than in adjacent non-FAE. Quantification of immunofluorescent staining of Na+, K(+)-ATPase by confocal laser scanning imaging showed a reduction of expression in the FAE to approximately 20-60% relative to that in the adjacent non-FAE. These results are consistent with a primary role of the FAE in mucosal immunity with minimal involvement in active solute absorption.
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PMID:Heterogenous Na+, K(+)-ATPase expression in the epithelia of rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissues. 807 55

Double negative (DN) T cells expanding in peripheral lymphoid tissues in mice bearing lymphoproliferation (lpr) gene are generally unresponsive to mitogens, antigens, and anti-T cell receptor (TCR) or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In response to the stimulation with 0.125-5.0 microM ionomycin, control T cells sustained an increase in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i), while DN lpr T cells showed a gradual fall following initial rapid increase in [Ca2+]i. Such gradual fall in [Ca2+]i was overcome by the addition of endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor or high dose (10 microM) of ionomycin. The requirement of high concentration of calcium ionophore for the sustained increase of [Ca2+]i in lpr DN T cells is due to dysfunction of Ca(2+)-ATPase pump.
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PMID:The dysfunction of calcium-ATPase pump in double negative T cells of autoimmune-prone mice. 821 33

The effect of the op/op mutation on the development of DCs including IDCs in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues and epidermal LCs or IDDCs was determined in order to assess the differentiation of such cells in vivo in the absence of M-CSF. op/op and littermate control mice were examined by immunohistochemistry using F4/80, BM8, NLDC-145, M1-8, MIDC-8, and M5/114. In contrast with the fact that the monocytic cell series, monocyte-derived macrophages and osteoclasts were deficient, DCs in the lymphoid tissues and epidermal LCs from op/op mice showed similar immunoreactivities to those of normal littermates and no statistically significant differences in their numbers compared to the normal littermates. Further, the epidermal LCs in the mutant mice stained positively with the histochemical stains for ADPase or ATPase. The development of tubulovesicular system in IDCs and the presence of Birbeck granules in LCs of the op/op mice were confirmed by electron microscopy but the cytoplasmic projection of these cells was not prominent. From these results, we concluded that the development and differentiation of DCs are influenced not by M-CSF but by GM-CSF. In our in vitro study, however, we found that GM-CSF-dependent macrophages do not resemble DCs ultrastructurally, suggesting that besides GM-CSF, some other cytokines are necessary for the differentiation and maturation of DCs.
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PMID:Immunophenotypic and ultrastructural differentiation and maturation of nonlymphoid dendritic cells in osteopetrotic (op) mice with the total absence of macrophage colony stimulating factor activity. 837 85

The epithelium covering the large intestinal lymphoid follicles in fetal and postnatal lambs was examined for potassium-dependent p-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K(+)-NPPase), carbonic anhydrase, magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg(2+)-ATPase) and acid phosphatase. Reactivities for these enzymes indicated a homogenous population of cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), distinct from the absorptive epithelium. There were essentially no differences in the enzyme reactivities of the large intestinal FAE between fetuses in late gestation and postnatal lambs. The FAE showed a weak reaction for K(+)-NPPase and a variable staining for Mg(2+)-ATPase and acid phosphatase. In contrast, the adjacent absorptive epithelium demonstrated strong reactions for these enzymes. Carbonic anhydrase gave a strong reaction at the luminal and apparent basolateral cell borders of the large intestinal FAE. This distribution of reactivity for carbonic anhydrase resembled that found in the ileal FAE. In absorptive epithelial cells, only the luminal cell border reacted strongly for carbonic anhydrase. Serial sections of large intestinal tissue showed a variation in the basolateral staining of FAE from one section to the next, a finding which suggested that the reaction may be associated with transcytosis. The lymphoid follicles and domes of the large intestine showed a variable granular pattern of carbonic anhydrase staining, which also suggested a dependence on epithelial transcytosis.
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PMID:Potassium-dependent p-nitrophenyl phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase reactivities suggest that lymphoid follicles in the large intestine of lambs are lined with a uniform type of epithelial cell distinct from the absorptive epithelium. 840 61

In op/op mice, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques were used to examine the effects of the OP mutation on dendritic cell populations in lymphoid tissues and skin. In the thymic medulla, T cell zone of lymph nodes, and splenic white pulp of op/op mice, numbers of NLDC-145-positive dendritic cells were not decreased. Compared to the normal littermates, numbers of BM8-positive macrophages were reduced in various tissues of the mutant mice, including the lymphoid tissues. These dendritic cells of op/op mice expressed Ia antigens but not F4/80 and BM8 antigens. Ultrastructurally, the dendritic cells developed a tubulovesicular system typical of interdigitating cells, but they were abnormal in that interdigitation of their cytoplasmic processes was not prominent. In the epidermis of the op/op mice, dendritic cells expressed NLDC-145, F4/80, Ia antigens, and adenosine diphosphatase or adenosine triphosphatase activity, and numbers of NLDC-145-, Ia-, or ADPase-positive dendritic cells were reduced slightly, but these reductions were not significant statistically. Birbeck granules were detected in most of them electron microscopically. These results indicate that nonlymphoid dendritic cells develop in the lymphoid tissues and skin of op/op mouse, suggesting that they are differentiated from granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells or earlier hematopoietic cell precursors.
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PMID:Differentiation of dendritic cell populations in macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice homozygous for the osteopetrosis (op) mutation. 842 88

Ion and water balance as well as flux balance in the animal cell, equilibrated to anisosmotic solutions, are computed for a cell model supplied by Na,K-ATPase pump, electroconductive ion channels and symporters Na-Cl, K-Cl and NaK2Cl. It is shown how the potency of each of the principal transporters to regulate cell volume depends on such conditions as the state of other ion transporters and channels, initial ion distribution and membrane potential. The obtained data are applied to studying changes in cation and water balance in the Jurkat lymphoid cells equilibrated to hyposmotic solutions. It is concluded that a steady state volume regulation in Jurkat cells, maintained in hyposmotic media 180 mosM for up to 24 h, is achieved due mainly to non-ionic mechanisms. Under the lower osmolarity of the media, 155 mosM, the ionic cell volume regulation occurs. The increase in PCl and/or the decrease in Na-Cl symport (or its equivalent, e.g. Na/H and Cl/HCO3 exchange) are considered as the most probable cause of the long-term volume decrease in lymphoid cells.
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PMID:[The role of ionic transporters in the long-term regulation of the water content in animal cells. The mathematical model and real lymphoid cells]. 871 51

Intracisternal A-Particle (IAP) sequences are endogenous retrovirus-like mobile elements, present at 1000 copies in the mouse genome. These elements transpose in a replicative manner via an RNA intermediate and its reverse transcription, and their transposition should therefore be tightly controlled by their transcription level. The in vivo pattern of expression of these potentially mutagenic elements had previously been analysed in normal mice, and we have now investigated their expression in transgenic mice carrying different oncogenes (e.g. c-myc, v-Ha-ras, SV40 T-antigen) under tissue-specific promoters and disclosing tumors within the brain, the mammary or salivary glands, or the lymphoid organs. Northern blot analysis of IAP expression within the resulting tumors demonstrates a lack of significant and/or systematic effect of v-Ha-ras and SV40 T-antigen expression, but a systematic IAP induction in the myc-induced tumors. In this case, however, analysis of double transgenic mice obtained by crossing the tumor-prone mice with previously described transgenic mice carrying IAP reporter genes did not provide any evidence for induction of the IAP transgenes, therefore strongly suggesting that c-myc expression had an effect on only a limited number of IAP sequences--most probably depending on their position and/or methylation state. These results strengthen the importance of in vivo studies for a correct appraisal of complex biological processes, and moderate previous conclusions derived from in vitro analyses on the general activation of IAPs by oncogenes and on the role of these transposable elements in tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Expression of intracisternal A-particle retrotransposons in primary tumors of oncogene-expressing transgenic mice. 920 2


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