Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.6.1.3 (ATPase)
65,361 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An ultrastructural, enzymohistochemical, and immunohistochemical study of the ductus epididymis in normal men was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of the apical mitochondria-rich cells (AMRCs). These cells, which differ morphologically from the principal cells (PCs), appear in isolation in the caput epididymidis (5.8 +/- 1.7 cells per cross-sectional duct) and only occasionally in the corpus epididymidis. The morphologic appearance of AMRCs varies from slender cells extending from the basement membrane to the lumen to apical cells without apparent contact with the basement membrane. The former display a round pale nucleus located in the middle of the epithelium; the apical cells have a dark nucleus, which, surrounded by a narrow cytoplasmic band, protrudes into the lumen. The cytoplasm of AMRCs is electron-dense and contains numerous mitochondria surrounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In the apical portion, there are lysosomes, vesicles with an electron-dense granule, and vacuoles showing a variable size and content. The stereocilia are shorter and less numerous than those of the PCs. The AMRCs are similar to the PCs in the intensely positive reaction for the enzymatic activity acid phosphatase, as well as in the lack of reaction for alkaline phosphatase and phosphorylase activities. AMRCs differ from PCs in: (1) a more intense reaction to the enzymatic activities ATPase, NADP, and succinic dehydrogenease, (2) a more intense immunostaining by AE1/AE3 and Ks4.62 anti-cytokeratin antibodies, and anti-estradiol receptor protein (D5) antibodies, and (3) a lower staining affinity for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) antibodies. No positive immunostaining for the anti-cytokeratin Ks8.6 antibodies was observed in either AMRCs or PCs.
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PMID:Apical mitochondria-rich cells in the human epididymis: an ultrastructural, enzymohistochemical, and immunohistochemical study. 172 7

An enriched plasma membrane fraction was isolated from caput, corpus, and cauda rat spermatozoa and analyzed for lipid and protein content, thermal phase transition temperature using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and enzymatic assays of calcium-dependent ATPase activity. Based on sperm concentration, total membrane phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein content declined as sperm passed through the epididymis. A more refined analysis of the bulk plasma membrane phospholipid revealed that approximately 56% of the phospholipid consisted of choline (PC) and ethanolamine (PE) phosphoglycerides; the remainder consisted of sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylserine (PS), and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG). The mole percent of PE increased in sperm proceeding from the caput to the corpus epididymis and then declined from the corpus to the cauda epididymis. The phospholipid-bound fatty acids consisted primarily of palmitate (C16:0) and stearate (C18:0), with a significant increase in the mole percent of the docosapentenoyl acyl group (C22:5) in cauda sperm. Arrhenius' plots of the EPR peak height signals using the lipid soluble spin label, 5-doxyldecane, and the calcium-dependent ATPase activity as a function of temperature demonstrated a change in the apparent fluidity of the membrane and energy of activation of the calcium-dependent ATPase associated with the three sperm membrane preparations. These data suggest that the apparent fluidity and biochemical composition of the sperm membrane change during epididymal maturation.
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PMID:Correlation between changes in rat sperm membrane lipids, protein, and the membrane physical state during epididymal maturation. 184 30

The presence, distribution, and levels of phospholipase A2 and ATPases activities in those structures of the guinea pig spermatozoa that participate in the acrosome reaction were studied, both before and after capacitation, as well as during the acrosome reaction induced in vitro. Spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis and incubated in the absence and presence of 1.15 mmol/L calcium, with and without the addition of 1 mumol/L A23187. Membrane fractions were recovered by vortexing and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Most of the Na+, K(+)-ATPase was recovered in the acrosome-free spermatozoa, but a clear, distinct presence of this enzyme was observed in the plasma membrane (25 against 101 nmoles Pi released per milligram of protein, respectively). The activity of this enzyme in the periacrosomal plasma and in the outer acrosomal membrane increased during calcium incubation. Ca2(+)-dependent ATPase was found in both membrane fractions, being higher in the periacrosomal plasma membrane. The addition of calcium induced a significant inhibition of this acrosomal ATPase, whereas the activity in the acrosome-free spermatozoa increased. The activity of phospholipase A2, under all experimental conditions, was found to be restricted to the soluble fraction.
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PMID:Subcellular distribution of phospholipase A2 and ATPases during capacitation and acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa. 185 52

The effect of mycotoxin (T-2 toxin) on catecholamines and Na+, K+-ATPase activities in rat epididymis has been evaluated. Dopamine and norepinephrine levels were significantly elevated in the caput and corpus regions whereas their levels remained unchanged in the caudal part of the epididymis. Na+, K+-ATPase activity was significantly increased in all the three regions of rat epididymis as a result of the toxin treatment. These changes may suggest an adverse effect on epididymal functions in rats.
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PMID:Effect of mycotoxin (T-2 toxin) on catecholamine and Na+, K+-ATPase levels in rat epididymis. 298 44

Effects of alcoholic seed extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. were investigated at a dose of 100 mg/Kg body wt./day/rat for 60 days on fertility, semen profile and sperm metabolism of orally administered sexually mature male albino rats using WHO protocols. Serum testosterone levels were also measured using RIA technique. The data revealed that the cauda epididymal sperm motility was significantly lowered with no effect in its sperm concentration by 60 days of feeding. The scanning electron microscopic study on sperm morphology exhibited decapitation, acrosomal damage and formation of bulges on midpiece region of sperms in treated rats. The biochemical studies on epididymal spermatozoa indicated alterations in their energy and/or oxidative metabolism as evidenced by a fall in succinate dehydrogenase and ATPase levels by extract allocation. It did not exert any effect in body and organ weights. But an average number of implantation sites in females after mating with the treated male rats markedly declined. Contrarily, a significant increase in serum testosterone levels was noted by 60 days of administration. Thus, the decrease in fertility rate in extract receiving animals is correlated with reduced sperm motility, metabolism and altered sperm morphology in epididymis.
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PMID:Antifertility effects of alcoholic seed extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. in male albino rats. 343 10

Plasma membranes of boar sperm from caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymis were purified by differential- and sucrose-density equilibrium centrifugation and were found to yield a single band at a density of 1.13 g/cm3. This fraction was enriched in acid and alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities, whereas it contained minimal amounts of hyaluronidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase and no succinic acid dehydrogenase activities. The plasma membrane of caput, corpus and cauda sperm had the same phospholipid/protein and cholesterol/phospholipid ratios but yielded different amounts of protein and individual lipid classes. Several changes in the plasma membrane were observed during transit of sperm through the epididymis. Within the phospholipid class a decrease in the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol was detected accompanied by an increase in amount of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and polyphosphoinositides. In the other lipid classes there was a decrease in the amount of free fatty acid and the major glycolipid. The amount of cholesterol decreased, while the amount of desmosterol and cholesterol sulfate increased. There was an increase in the amount of diacylglycerol. In addition, the changes in the fatty acid composition of the total membrane lipid and each phospholipid were determined. The above changes in the lipid composition of the plasma membrane during epididymal maturation may help to explain the decreased resistance to cold shock and changes in membrane fluidity of sperm during transit in the epididymis.
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PMID:Changes in the lipid content of boar sperm plasma membranes during epididymal maturation. 399 37

Zonal centrifugation has been used to isolate a fraction from bovine liver which appears to be derived from the Golgi apparatus. Morphologically, the fraction consists mainly of sacs and tubular elements. Spherical inclusions, probably lipoproteins, are occasionally seen in negative stains of this material. The preparation is biochemically unique. UDP-galactose:N-acetyl glucosamine, galactosyl transferase activity is concentrated about 40-fold in this fraction compared to the homogenate. Rotenone- or antimycin-insensitive DPNH- or TPNH- cytochrome c reductase activities are 60-80% of the level of activities found in microsomes. Purified organelles from bovine liver such as plasma membranes, rough microsomes, mitochondria and nuclei have negligible levels of galactosyl transferase. Some activity is present in smooth microsomes but at a level compatible with the possible presence of Golgi membranes in this fraction. The Golgi fraction does not contain appreciable amounts of enzymes such as ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, glycosidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, or succinate-cytochrome c reductase. Similar fractions isolated from bovine epididymis also have very high levels of galactosyl transferase. The fraction is heavily osmicated when incubated for long periods of time at elevated temperatures, a characteristic property of Golgi membranes.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of Golgi membranes from bovine liver. 424 7

The present paper deals with the correlative histochemical and biochemical studies of the epididymis following the treatments of alpha-chlorohydrin. This drug was administered in chronic low dose (15 mg/kg body weight/day) for 20 and 30 days and a single high dose (90 mg/kg body weight). Histochemical alterations of ATPase, SDH and AChE were studied in various components of epididymal epithelium and the total enzyme content was measured by biochemical parameters. The study shows progressive decrease of the enzymes in the interstitium and the epithelium of both the caput and cauda epididymes with increasing dose and duration, except for the high dose effect of alpha-chlorohydrin on AChE. Since alpha-chlorohydrin decreases the androgen dependent enzymes (ATPase, SDH, AChE), there is a possibility that the drug may be antiandrogenic in nature. In such case the action of these drugs may not be directly on the spermatozoa, as proposed by earlier workers, but is mediated by changing the physiology of the epididymis, affecting the milieu in which the spermatozoa mature.
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PMID:Correlative histochemical and biochemical studies on the adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase in the epididymis of mice after alpha-chlorohydrin treatment. 623 98

The three main segments of the elephant epididymis were examined for the occurrence, in the spermatozoa and lining epithelium, of carbohydrates, neutral lipids and phospholipids, ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, diaphorases, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase. The most distinct feature of the carbohydrate content of the epididymis was a layer of acidic, alcian blue-positive glycoprotein over the luminal surface of the epithelium, particularly in the terminal segment. PAS-positive, diastase-resistant inclusions were also found throughout the epdidymis. Neutral lipid occurred as droplets above and below the nucleus in the epithelium of the middle segment, and as supranuclear accumulations in the terminal segment. All the enzymes except the steroid dehydrogenases were detected in the epididymal epithelium, and all except the steroid dehydrogenases and acid phosphatase were detected in the spermatozoa. There was considerable variation in the intensity of the cytochemical reactions in the epithelium, but not in the spermatozoa, in different regions of the epididymis. In general, the enzymes involved in active transport showed strongest reactions in the initial and terminal segments, the reactions in the stereocilia being the most intense. The enzymes involved in energy metabolism showed strongest reactions in the middle and terminal segments, with the activity being fairly evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the principal cells. However, the two lysosomal enzymes which were studied showed quite different distributions: the reactions for acid phosphatase were strongest in the initial and middle segments, whilst the reactions for non-specific esterase were strongest in the middle and terminal segments. It is suggested that the initial segment is involved in absorptive and anabolic activity, the middle segment in anabolic activity, and the terminal segment (where spermatozoa are stored ready for ejaculation) in considerable metabolic activity and active transport of substrates across the epithelium.
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PMID:Studies of the deferent ducts from the testis of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. II. Histochemistry of the epididymis. 644 36

Gossypol acetic acid at the dose of 5 mg/rat/day for 2 and 4 weeks did not cause any significant effect on the body weight, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate weight, nor gossypol treatment had any significant effect on the activities of acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase in the testis. Changes in the testis ATPase activity were, however, significant after gossypol treatment. During the course of present investigations no effect of gossypol treatment on 3H thymidine incorporation into DNA of testicular cells was observed, nor there were any changes in the DNA and total protein content of the testis after gossypol treatment. Gossypol treatment did not cause any effect on the plasma Na+ level. However, transient decrease in the plasma K+ level was observed; decrease in K+ level two weeks after gossypol treatment was restored to normal after 4 weeks of gossypol treatment. No changes in the histology of the testis were observed 2 weeks after gossypol treatment but marked inhibition of spermatogenesis was observed 4 weeks after gossypol treatment. Motility of vas deferens spermatozoa was also markedly inhibited 4 weeks after gossypol treatment. In the light of the present observations and those of others, there is a clear demonstration that gossypol acts directly on the spermatozoa and on the testis; at both the sites the drug interferes in the ATPase activity.
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PMID:Studies on the male antifertility agent--gossypol acetic acid. III. Effect of gossypol acetic acid on rat testis. 645 43


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