Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase)
 5,136 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), 5'nucleotidase (5'NT), xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and levels of thiobarbituric acid reagent substances (TBARS) were measured in 10 cancerous and 10 noncancerous human prostate tissues. Decreased activities of DNA turnover enzymes (ADA and 5'NT), increased activities of GSH-Px and CAT, and unchanged activities of SOD and XO were observed in cancerous prostate tissues compared with those of noncancerous ones. TBARS levels were found to be higher in cancerous tissues than noncancerous ones. In correlation analysis, mostly positive correlations were established between enzyme activities of the cancerous tissues, whereas no meaningful correlations were found between enzyme activities of the noncancerous tissues except for a positive correlation between XO and SOD. The results indicate that the activities of DNA turnover enzymes were reduced, which was possibly an attempt to lower the rate of purine catabolism, and the activities of GSH-Px and CAT enzymes were increased, probably in response to increased free radical stress occurring in cancerous prostate tissues. Increased concentrations of TBARS suggested oxidant stress and thus accelerated peroxidative reactions in the cancerous tissues, even though antioxidant defense mechanisms were activated. These findings suggest that enzymatic antioxidant systems of cancerous prostate tissues cannot sufficiently eliminate oxidant factors and prevent cellular peroxidative reactions occurring during the carcinogenic process.
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PMID:Activities of DNA turnover and free radical metabolizing enzymes in cancerous human prostate tissue. 1037 Mar 68

To investigate the features of erythrocyte metabolism in extremely immature infants, we assayed 21 enzyme activities and glutathione level in cord erythrocytes from 28 extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBWI; defined as birth weight <1,000 g). The results were compared with those from normal adults and non-neonatal reticulocyte-rich controls. Statistical analysis revealed that activities of six enzymes (glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione reductase) were significantly higher, and those of eight other enzymes (phosphofructokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione peroxidase, adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, acetylcholinesterase, NADH methemoglobin reductase, and catalase) were lower in ELBWI taking their marked reticulocytosis into consideration. The 6PGD/G6PD ratio, which is consistently unchanged under various physiological and pathological conditions, was markedly reduced in ELBWI. Our results support the previous reports that neonatal erythrocytes have a unique metabolic pattern which is different from that of adult erythrocytes, and also suggest that the 6PGD/G6PD ratio might be an index for the developmental immaturity of fetal erythrocytes. This is the first report describing the pattern of erythrocyte enzyme activities in ELBWI.
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PMID:Erythrocyte enzyme activities in cord blood of extremely low-birth-weight infants. 1050 2

This study was carried out to determine the effects that human neutrophils have on permeability across a model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) formed by primary cultures of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BBMEC). Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was used to measure changes in permeability across BBMEC monolayers in a dual compartment system, during neutrophil interactions. When neutrophils (5 x 10(6)/ml) were applied to monolayers, TEER increased (permeability decreased). Adenosine was implicated, since the TEER increase was blocked by adenosine deaminase (1 U/ml) and the adenosine A2 receptor antagonist ZM 241385 (at 10(-6) M but not 10(-8) M, implicating A2B receptors). Oxygen free radicals were implicated as the TEER increase was blocked by combined catalase (100 U/ml) and superoxide dismutase (60 U/ml). When a gradient of the bacterial chemoattractant peptide formyl methionyl leucine phenylalanine (fMLP, 10(-7) M) was applied to neutrophils, the TEER decreased (permeability increased), concurrent with migration. When fMLP (10(-7) M) was added to the neutrophils, without migration, no change occurred. The TEER decrease was blocked by loading endothelium with the calcium buffer BAPTA (10 microM) and partially blocked by the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin (20 microg/ml). Measures to block the potential extracellular triggers heparin binding protein, glutamate, oxygen free radicals and binding to intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were ineffective. These data indicate that neutrophils both reduce and increase permeability in a cell culture model of the BBB, correlated to their proximity and migration through the endothelium. They explore the role of neutrophils in BBB breakdown, and the formation or amelioration of vasogenic cerebral edema.
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PMID:Neutrophils both reduce and increase permeability in a cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier. 1475 93

THE COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED NUCLEI AND CELL PREPARATIONS FROM TISSUES OF CALF, BEEF, HORSE, AND FOWL WAS STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: 1. Liver and kidney arginase, catalase, and uricase; pancreatic lipase and amylase; cardiac muscle myoglobin; erythrocyte hemoglobin; intestinal alkaline phospharase. These are referred to as "special" components in view of their characteristically restricted distribution reflecting the differentiated nature of the tissues in question. 2. Esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline and nucleotide phosphatases, adenosine deaminase, guanase, and nucleoside phosphorylase. These are enzymes of general distribution. The differences in nuclear composition noted with respect to the "special" components, together with the broad variability in nuclear activity found for enzymes of general distribution, led to the conclusion that nuclei are differentiated structures. The following distribution was observed: 1. "Special" components: Hemoglobin was found to be present in fowl and goose erythrocyte nuclei, but myoglobin was entirely absent from heart muscle nuclei; of the special enzymes listed, only catalase and arginase appeared to be concentrated in some of the nuclei. There was no significant nuclear concentration of lipase, amylase, uricase, or alkaline phosphatase. No simple relationship was found between the concentration of a special enzyme in a tissue and its activity in the corresponding nuclei. For example, arginase activity, which is high in mammalian liver and in fowl kidney, was found in liver, not kidney, nuclei. Similarly, catalase activity was demonstrated only in mammalian liver nuclei, although, in mammals, both liver and kidney are rich sources of this enzyme. 2. Enzymes of general distribution fell into three classes: (a) Those present in low concentrations, if at all, in the nuclei-alkaline phosphatase, the nucleotide phosphatases) and beta-glucuronidase. (b) Those present in nuclei in varying concentrations-esterase. (c) Those present in high proportions in most nuclei-adenosine deaminase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and guanase. The exceptionally low nuclear activity of intestinal mucosa with respect to these enzymes was discussed in relation to physiological considerations. The response of nuclei to changes in physiological state was demonstrated by experiments on starvation. The outstanding aspect of this response was a change in nuclear enzymatic activity opposing that observed in the cytoplasm. A comparison of fetal and adult mucosa cells led to the following tentative interpretation of the observed intracellular enzyme distribution: In cells tending to moribundity, as in those subjected to starvation, relative nuclear enzymatic activity falls. The occurrence of special enzymes in nuclei was considered in terms of differentiation, and the high nuclear concentration of the nucleoside-specific enzymes was interpreted in terms of general nuclear metabolic activity.
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PMID:Some enzymes of isolated nuclei. 1489 35

There is great evidence in recent years that oxygen free radicals play an important role in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. The present study was performed to assess the changes in red blood cells thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities in patients with autism (n = 27) compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls (n = 26). In the autistic group, increased TBARS levels (p < 0.001) and XO (p < 0.001) and SOD (p < 0.001) activity, decreased CAT (p < 0.001) activity and unchanged ADA activity were detected. It is proposed that antioxidant status may be changed in autism and this new situation may induce lipid peroxidation. These findings indicated a possible role of increased oxidative stress and altered enzymatic antioxidants, both of which may be relevant to the pathophysiology of autism.
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PMID:Increased oxidative stress and altered activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes in autism. 1520 66

Pre-mRNA adenosine deaminase (ADAR) is involved in many physiological processes by either directly converting adenosine to inosine in certain pre-mRNAs or indirectly regulating expression of certain genes. Mutations of Drosophila ADAR (dADAR) results in neuronal dysfunction and hypersensitivity to oxygen deprivation. Recently, we found that the mutant flies were very resistant to paraquat, a compound that generates free radicals. In order to further characterize the neuronal role of dADAR and understand the basis for the resistance to the oxidative stress, we investigated the effect of dADAR on the expression of genes encoding scavengers of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both dADAR mutant and overexpression flies. Our data show that the expression of the genes encoding known ROS scavengers [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase] is not regulated by dADAR. However, the transcripts of genes encoding two potential ROS scavengers (dhd and Cyp4g1) were robustly increased in dADAR mutant flies, and conversely both were significantly decreased in dADAR overexpressing flies. Using dhd [encoding a Drosophila homolog of the mammalian protein thioredoxin (Trx)] transgenic flies, we confirmed that the resistance of dADAR mutant flies to paraquat resulted, at least partially, from the up-regulation of dhd gene in dADAR mutant flies. Our data not only confirm the importance of ADAR in maintenance of neuronal function but also reveal its regulatory role in the expression of genes encoding ROS scavengers.
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PMID:Regulatory role of dADAR in ROS metabolism in Drosophila CNS. 1553 Jun 57

In mammalian intestine, adenosine deaminase (ADA) is expressed at high levels only along the villi of the duodenal epithelium. A duodenum-specific enhancer identified in the second intron of the human ADA gene controls this pattern of expression. This enhancer faithfully recapitulates this expression pattern in transgenic mice, when included in CAT reporter gene constructions. Multiple binding sites for PDX-1 and GATA factors were previously identified within the approximately 300-bp region that encompasses the enhancer. Mutation analyses demonstrated that binding of PDX-1 and of GATA-4 was absolutely essential for enhancer function. In the present study, we have identified additional enhancer binding sites for Cdx factors, for YY1, and for NFI family members. Detailed EMSA studies were used to confirm binding at these sites. This brings the number of confirmed binding sites within the enhancer to thirteen, with five different factors or family of factors contributing to the putative enhanceosome complex. Mutation analysis was utilized to examine the specific roles of the newly identified sites. Two sites were identified that bound both Cdx1 and Cdx2. Mutations were identified in these two sites that completely and specifically eliminated Cdx binding. In transgenic mice, these enhancer mutations dramatically changed the developmental timing of enhancer activation (delaying it by 2-3 weeks) without affecting other aspects of enhancer function. In the chromatin context of certain transgenic insertion sites, mutation of the two YY1 sites to specifically ablate binding caused a delay in enhancer activation similar to that observed with the Cdx mutations. No overt changes were observed from mutation of the NFI site.
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PMID:Cdx binding determines the timing of enhancer activation in postnatal duodenum. 1567 72

The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an antioxidant agent, on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity through adenosine deaminase (AD), xanthine oxidase (XO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in liver tissue of rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control group (n = 6), cisplatin group (n = 9) and CAPE + cisplatin group (n = 8). All the chemicals used were applied intraperitoneally. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the activities of the above-mentioned enzymes in the liver tissue. NO level and XO activity were found to be increased in the cisplatin group compared to the control group. NO level was found to be decreased in the cisplatin + CAPE group in comparison with the cisplatin group. There was no significant change in the activity of XO between the cisplatin and cisplatin + CAPE groups. The activity of SOD was lower in the cisplatin group than both the control and cisplatin + CAPE groups. There was no significant change in the activity of CAT between the control and cisplatin groups. CAT activity was increased in the cisplatin + CAPE group compared to the cisplatin group. The AD activity and MDA level remained unchanged in all groups. The results obtained suggested that CAPE significantly attenuated the hepatotoxicity as an indirect target of cisplatin in an animal model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:The activities of liver adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide after cisplatin toxicity in rats: protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester. 1598 78

The antioxidant effect of cytaphate (0,0-dimethyl-N-cytisinyl phosphate) has been studied in outbred white rats with alloxan-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The content of malonic dialdehyde, diene conjugates, ketodienes, middle-weight molecules, primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and Schiff bases and the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and adenosine deaminase in erytrocytes have been evaluated. The state of oxidative protein modification, the content of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates, and the superoxide-anion production in the blood plasma have been determined. In the blood of animals with model diabetes, the LPO and oxidative protein modification processes were intensified and the level of superoxide anion production was increased. The administration of cytaphate led to a decrease of the LPO intensity and oxidative protein modification and to normalization of the level of superoxide anion production and the activity of enzymes involved in the antioxidant protection system.
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PMID:[The influence of cytaphate on the status of oxidative metabolism in rats with diabetic nephropathy]. 1627 12

Our purpose was to investigate associations between adenosine deaminase (ADA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities and H. pylori.Ninety-nine patients were studied. Eight antral mucosal biopsies were taken for biochemical assessment of ADA, CAT, AND SOD activity and histological assessment. H. pylori density wAS evaluated according to the updated Sydney system. Patients were divided into three groups according to Sydney classification. ADA activity was found to be higher in patients having H. pylori in the present study. Also, ADA activity was higher in patients with a severe density of H. pylori. SOD level was found to be significantly higher with increased H. pylori density in our study (P < 0.05). In addition, SOD activity was higher in it H. Pylori-positive than H. pylori-negative patients. We did not find CAT activity in some antral tissue specimens. The significantly high levels of ADA activity in patients with H. pylori infection may reflect the regulator role of ADA in acid secretion. The higher ADA level with increased H. pylori density and H. pylori positivity indicate the probable malign lymphoid process of the stomach. But these findings must be confirmed with larger studies that include different gastric lesions.
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PMID:Association of adenosine deaminase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities with Helicobacter pylori. 1641 77


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