Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.5.1.5 (urease)
 7,257 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 69-year-old woman with gastritis was prescribed a 1-week triple regimen therapy of Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, and Lansoprazole to eradicate Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) starting on March 7, 2005. H. pylori was detected on the gastric mucosa by the urease test. Twenty days after eradication therapy, she began to suffer from profuse watery diarrhea. Colonoscopy on April 12 showed multiple pseudomembranes in the cecum and the transverse colon, leading to a diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis. Because she had not taken Vancomycin (VCM) (500 mg/day) as directed, she had a relapse of watery diarrhea and was admitted on April 30. A stool test for Clostridium difficile (CD) toxin was positive, although colonoscopy showed only a few aphthoid erosions in the cecum and the transverse colon on May 6. She was treated with oral VCM (2000 mg/day) from May 6, and diarrhea disappeared by May 11. The stool test for CD toxin was negative, so VCM was discontinued. Care must thus be taken in H. pylori eradication to ensure that the triple regimen therapy does not lead to pseudomembranous colitis.
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PMID:[Pseudomembranous colitis after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy]. 1651 25

Infection with Helicobacter trogontum, a urease-positive helicobacter isolated from subclinically infected rats, was evaluated in B6.129P2-IL10(tm1Cgn) (interleukin-10(-/-) [IL-10(-/-)]) and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. In a first experiment, IL-10(-/-) mice naturally infected with Helicobacter rodentium had subclinical typhlocolitis but developed severe diarrhea and loss of body condition with erosive to ulcerative typhlocolitis within 1 to 3 weeks of experimental infection with H. trogontum. A second experiment demonstrated that helicobacter-free IL-10(-/-) mice dosed with H. trogontum also developed severe clinical signs and typhlocolitis within 2 to 4 weeks, whereas B6 mice colonized with H. trogontum were resistant to disease. In a third experiment, using helicobacter-free IL-10(-/-) mice, dosing with H. trogontum resulted in acute morbidity and typhlocolitis within 8 days. Acute typhlocolitis was accompanied by signs of sepsis supported by degenerative hemograms and recovery of Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. from the livers of infected mice. Quantitative PCR data revealed that H. rodentium and H. trogontum may compete for colonization of the lower bowel, as H. trogontum established higher colonization levels in the absence of H. rodentium (P < 0.003). H. trogontum-induced typhlocolitis was also associated with a significant decrease in the levels of colonization by five of eight anaerobes that comprise altered Schaedler's flora (P < 0.002). These results demonstrate for the first time that H. rodentium infection in IL-10(-/-) mice causes subclinical typhlocolitis and that infection with H. trogontum (with or without H. rodentium) induces a rapid-onset, erosive to ulcerative typhlocolitis which impacts the normal anaerobic flora of the colon and increases the risk of sepsis.
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PMID:Rapid onset of ulcerative typhlocolitis in B6.129P2-IL10tm1Cgn (IL-10-/-) mice infected with Helicobacter trogontum is associated with decreased colonization by altered Schaedler's flora. 1698 22

The objective of this study is to compare the performance of enzyme immunoassay (Premier Platinum HpSA) and immunochromatographic method (ImmunoCard HpSA STAT) in detecting stool Helicobacter pylori antigen before and after eradication therapy. Two hundred forty dyspeptic patients (143 men and 97 women; mean age, 53.2 years old; range, 19-79 years old) volunteered to participate in this study. Those who delivered improper stool samples, including diarrhea, inadequate amount, or delayed delivery after collection, were excluded. All of the participants received endoscopy, biopsy-based tests, and noninvasive tests, including (13)C-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT) and 2 stool antigen tests. Fifty-eight patients completed all the above tests before and after eradication therapy, and each contributed to 2 person-times. In total, there were 176 person-times in the preeradication group and 100 in the posteradication group that were analyzed for comparison. Follow-up endoscopic examinations were done 2 to 4 months after completion of eradication therapy, and stool samples were collected within 3 days after endoscopy. Positive H. pylori infection was established when either culture was positive or any 2 of the histology, rapid urease test, and UBT were positive. In the preeradication group (n = 176), 99 (56.3%) were H. pylori positive and 77 were Hp negative. In the posteradication group (n = 100), the treatment was successful in 67 (67.0%) of them. In the preeradication group, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy were 95.2%, 87.0%, 90.4%, 93.1%, and 91.5%, respectively, for ImmunoCard HpSA STAT, and 83.8%, 90.9%, 92.2%, 81.4%, and 86.9%, respectively, for Premier Platinum HpSA. In the posteradication group, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 100%, 91.0%, 84.6%, 100%, and 94.0%, respectively, for ImmunoCard HpSA STAT, and 84.9%, 92.5%, 84.8%, 92.5%, and 90.0%, respectively, for Premier Platinum HpSA. There were no statistically significant differences between these 2 stool tests. ImmunoCard HpSA STAT is a rapid, simple, and accurate in-clinic test for preeradication diagnosis of H. pylori and posteradication follow-up.
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PMID:Comparison of stool enzyme immunoassay and immunochromatographic method for detecting Helicobacter pylori antigens before and after eradication. 1715 73

In the last decade, scientific studies in the field of children's gastroenterology performed in Lithuania explored different problems: pathology of Helicobacter pylori infection and food allergy. Our studies revealed that children with atopic dermatitis had gastrointestinal complaints (abdominal pain, diarrhea, distension and unstable stool, which appeared with the exacerbation of skin rash) more often as compared to nonallergic children of the control group. Abdominal pain in children with atopic dermatitis with local rash was more frequent and lasted longer than in control group children, whereas children with extended rash had stools more frequently. Gastrointestinal disorders in children with atopic dermatitis statistically significantly did not depend on the extent of skin rash and severity of atopic dermatitis. In our scientific research on the importance of H. pylori infection on children's gastrointestinal system, children with chronic dyspepsia were examined. Endoscopy, rapid urease test, biopsies from antrum and corpus of stomach and their histological examination as well as serologic tests were done. According to the results obtained, we recommend to examine children with chronic dyspepsia in a complex way: not only endoscopic examination, but H. pylori diagnostic tests should be performed as well. Serologic test is not suitable for screening H. pylori infection in children. Considering this, we recommend to use no fewer than two different methods to diagnose this infection. The highest frequency of H. pylori infection was found in children with duodenal ulcer; histological changes in their gastric pylorus and corpus mucosa were greatest. More than half of children with nonulcer dyspepsia were infected with H. pylori. After eradication of H. pylori infection, the prevalence of dyspepsia in children with duodenal ulcer decreased.
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PMID:[Relevance of examination and treatment of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in children in Lithuania during the last decade]. 1827 92

Laribacter hongkongensis is a newly discovered Gram-negative bacillus of the Neisseriaceae family associated with freshwater fish-borne gastroenteritis and traveler's diarrhea. The complete genome sequence of L. hongkongensis HLHK9, recovered from an immunocompetent patient with severe gastroenteritis, consists of a 3,169-kb chromosome with G+C content of 62.35%. Genome analysis reveals different mechanisms potentially important for its adaptation to diverse habitats of human and freshwater fish intestines and freshwater environments. The gene contents support its phenotypic properties and suggest that amino acids and fatty acids can be used as carbon sources. The extensive variety of transporters, including multidrug efflux and heavy metal transporters as well as genes involved in chemotaxis, may enable L. hongkongensis to survive in different environmental niches. Genes encoding urease, bile salts efflux pump, adhesin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and other putative virulence factors-such as hemolysins, RTX toxins, patatin-like proteins, phospholipase A1, and collagenases-are present. Proteomes of L. hongkongensis HLHK9 cultured at 37 degrees C (human body temperature) and 20 degrees C (freshwater habitat temperature) showed differential gene expression, including two homologous copies of argB, argB-20, and argB-37, which encode two isoenzymes of N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase (NAGK)-NAGK-20 and NAGK-37-in the arginine biosynthesis pathway. NAGK-20 showed higher expression at 20 degrees C, whereas NAGK-37 showed higher expression at 37 degrees C. NAGK-20 also had a lower optimal temperature for enzymatic activities and was inhibited by arginine probably as negative-feedback control. Similar duplicated copies of argB are also observed in bacteria from hot springs such as Thermus thermophilus, Deinococcus geothermalis, Deinococcus radiodurans, and Roseiflexus castenholzii, suggesting that similar mechanisms for temperature adaptation may be employed by other bacteria. Genome and proteome analysis of L. hongkongensis revealed novel mechanisms for adaptations to survival at different temperatures and habitats.
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PMID:The complete genome and proteome of Laribacter hongkongensis reveal potential mechanisms for adaptations to different temperatures and habitats. 1928 63

Helicobacter pylori proteins CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) and VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin A) are among the virulence factors of this species. CagA gene carrying H. pylori strains are particularly associated with gastric adenocarsinoma. This study was conducted to evaluate Western Blot (WB) method to determine specific H. pylori antibodies in a group of patients with gastric cancer and in a control group with no malignancy. A total of 99 patients with gastric cancer (94 adenocarcinoma, 2 adenosquamous cell carcinoma, 3 non-Hodgkin lymphoma) and 150 control cases with epigastric complaints such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux and abdominal pain, were included to the study. H. pylori IgG-ELISA was positive in all study (mean age: 56.7 +/- 1.2 years, 62 male) and control (mean age: 24.2 +/- 1.3 years, 64 male) patients. Specific antibodies against CagA, VacA, OMP (outer membrane protein)-67, urease-A, urease-B, HSP (heat shock protein) and flagellin antigens determined by a commercial WB-based kit (RIDA Blot Helicobacter, R-Biopharm GmbH, Germany). Interestingly, no anti-VacA positivity was detected in none of the patient and control groups. The positivity rates for H. pylori CagA, OMP-67, urease A, urease-B, flagellin and HSP specific antibodies were as 78%, 54%, 37%, 60%, 53% and 82% in the gastric cancer group and 85%, 71%, 55%, 43%, 61% and 75% in the control group, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between gastric carcinoma and control groups in terms of CagA, HSP and flagellin antibodies (p > 0.05). On the other hand, a statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of urease-A, urease-B and OMP-67 (p < 0.01). These results suggested that this test should be assessed again by the manufacturer for its detection power directed towards specific H. pylori antibodies, especially for Vac-A. Further molecular and clinical studies are necessary to determine the factors that affect H. pylori virulence and disease prognosis.
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PMID:[Evaluation of Western Blot method for the detection of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori antigens in patients with gastric carcinoma and cases with epigastric complaints]. 2045 95

Over the past decades, herbal medicine has become a thing of global significance with medicinal and economic implications. Wide spread use of herbs throughout the globe has raised serious concerns over its quality, safety, and efficacy. Thus, exact scientific assessment has become a precondition for acceptance of herbal health claims. Persea americana Mill. (avocado) is a tree, native to central America, cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates around the world, belonging to the family Lauraceae, is widely used in Ayurveda and evidence-based phototherapy. There are 3 principal races or groups of avocado: Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian named for the areas where they were originally cultivated. The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, such as monorrhagia, hypertension, stomach ache, bronchitis, diarrhea, and diabetes. Peptone, b-galactoside, glycosylated abscisic acid, alkaloids, cellulose, polygalacto urease, polyuronoids, cytochrome P-450, and volatile oils are reported to be present in this plant. Biotechnologic approaches show that modified MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg benzyladenine/L, 0-1mg Indole Butyric Acid/L, 0.1 mg Gibberalic Acid 3/L was optimum for adventitious shoot development. In the present review, an effort has been made to study the different aspects of P. americana Mill.
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PMID:The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea americana Mill. 2222 45

Different parts of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, Adhatoda vasica Nees, Fagoniaar abica L. and Casuarina equisetifolia L. are traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of common ailments like nausea, cold, cough, asthma, fevers, diarrhea, sore throat, swelling, etc. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-Helicobacter pylori and urease inhibition activities of extracts produced from the above selected medicinal plants native to Soon Valley (home to an old civilization) in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Methanol, acetone and water extracts of the plants were evaluated for anti-bacterial activity against thirty four clinical isolates and two reference strains of H. pylori. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined using the agar dilution method and compared with some standard antibiotics like amoxicillin (AMX), clarithromycin (CLA), tetracycline (TET) and metronidazole (MNZ), used in the triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. H. pylori urease inhibition activity of the extracts was assessed by the phenol red method, wherein, Lineweaver-Burk plots were used to determine Michaelis-Menten constants for elucidating the mechanism of inhibition. Methanol and acetone extracts from Acacia nilotica and Calotropis procera exhibited stronger anti-H. pylori activity than MNZ, almost comparable activity with TET, but were found to be less potent than AMX and CLT. The rest of the extracts exhibited lower activity than the standard antibiotics used in this study. In the H. pylori urease inhibitory assay, methanol and acetone extracts of Acacia nilotica and Calotropis procera showed significant inhibition. Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated a competitive mechanism for extract of Acacia nilotica, whereas extract of Calotropis procera exhibited a mixed type of inhibition.
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PMID:Anti-Helicobacter pylori and urease inhibition activities of some traditional medicinal plants. 2343 67

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a significant human pathogen and is the cause of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The virulence repertoire of EHEC includes the genes within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) that are largely organized in five operons, LEE1 to LEE5, which encode a type III secretion system, several effectors, chaperones, and regulatory proteins. In addition, EHEC also encodes several non-LEE-encoded effectors and fimbrial operons. The virulence genes of this pathogen are under a large amount of posttranscriptional regulation. The small RNAs (sRNAs) GlmY and GlmZ activate the translation of glucosamine synthase (GlmS) in E. coli K-12, and in EHEC they destabilize the 3' fragments of the LEE4 and LEE5 operons and promote translation of the non-LEE-encoded effector EspFu. We investigated the global changes of EHEC gene expression governed by GlmY and GlmZ using RNA sequencing and gene arrays. This study extends the known effects of GlmY and GlmZ regulation to show that they promote expression of the curli adhesin, repress the expression of tryptophan metabolism genes, and promote the expression of acid resistance genes and the non-LEE-encoded effector NleA. In addition, seven novel EHEC-specific sRNAs were identified using RNA sequencing, and three of them--sRNA56, sRNA103, and sRNA350--were shown to regulate urease, fimbria, and the LEE, respectively. These findings expand the knowledge of posttranscriptional regulation in EHEC.
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PMID:Global analysis of posttranscriptional regulation by GlmY and GlmZ in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. 2560 63

We present here a rare case of hyperammonemia without liver dysfunction or portal-systemic shunting. The patient was an 80-year-old woman with a history of neurogenic bladder. She was admitted to a nearby hospital for vomiting, diarrhea and consciousness disturbance. Two days after admission, she was transferred to our hospital because of persistant consciousness disturbance. Laboratory data revealed hyperammonemia, but there was no indication of liver dysfunction. Moreover abdominal computed tomography did not reveal any clear finding of liver disease or portal-systemic shunting, but we noted multiple large bladder diverticula. Antibiotic therapy, tracheal intubation, ventilator management and bladder catheterization were performed. The patient's level of consciousness improved rapidly. Urinary culture revealed Bacteroides ureolyticus (urease-producing bacteria). The patient was diagnosed with hyperammonemia and a urinary tract infection due to urease-producing bacteria. Thus, physicians should be aware that obstructive urinary tract infections due to urease-producing bacteria can also be the cause of hyperammonemia.
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PMID:[A Case of Hyperammonemia Caused by Urinary Tract Infection Due to Urease-Producing Bacteria]. 2762 9


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