Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.5.1.4 (deaminase)
5,113 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A moderately halophilic, aerobic, motile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium (strain LV4(T)) was isolated from saline soil around the lake Laguna Verde in the Bolivian Andes. The organism is a heterotroph, able to utilize various carbohydrates as a carbon source. It showed tryptophan deaminase, oxidase and catalase activity, but was unable to produce indole or H(2)S; nitrate was not reduced. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 56.1 mol%. The pH range for growth was 5-10, temperature range was 0-45 degrees C and the range of NaCl concentrations was 0-25 % (w/v). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain LV4(T) was found to be closely related to Chromohalobacter canadensis DSM 6769(T) and Pseudomonas beijerinckii DSM 7218(T); however, its DNA-DNA relatedness with these type strains was low. Strain LV4(T) resembled other Chromohalobacter species with respect to various physiological, biochemical and nutritional characteristics but also exhibited differences. Thus, a novel species, Chromohalobacter sarecensis sp. nov., is proposed, with LV4(T) (=CCUG 47987(T)=ATCC BAA-761(T)) as the type strain.
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PMID:Chromohalobacter sarecensis sp. nov., a psychrotolerant moderate halophile isolated from the saline Andean region of Bolivia. 1554 11

The generation and propagation of conformational changes associated with ligand binding in the allosteric enzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase (GlcN6P deaminase, EC 3.5.99.6) from Escherichia coli were analyzed by fluorescence measurements. Single-tryptophan mutant forms of the enzyme were constructed on the basis of previous structural and functional evidence and used as structural-change probes. The reporter residues were placed in the active-site lid (position 174) and in the allosteric site (254 and 234); in addition, signals from the natural Trp residues (15 and 224) were also studied as structural probes. The structural changes produced by the occupation of either the allosteric or the active site by site-specific ligands were monitored through changes in the spectral center of mass (SCM) of their steady-state emission fluorescence spectra. Binding of the allosteric activator produces only minimal signals in titration experiments. In contrast, measurable spectral signals were found when the active site was occupied by a dead-end inhibitor. The results reveal that the two binary complexes, enzyme-activator (R(A)) and enzyme-inhibitor (R(S)) complexes, have structural differences and that they also differ from the ternary complex (R(AS)). The mobility of the active-site lid motif is shown to be independent of the allosteric transition. The active-site ligand induces cooperative SCM changes even in the enzyme-activator complex, indicating that the propagation pathway of the conformational relaxation triggered from the active site is different from that involved in the heterotropic activation. Analysis of the complete set of mutants shows that the occupation of the active site generates structural perturbations, which are propagated to the whole of the monomer and extend to the other subunits. The accumulative effect of these propagated changes should be responsible for the change in the sign of the DeltaG degrees ' of the T to R transition associated with the progression of the active-site occupation, resulting in the predominance of the R over the T forms in the population of deaminase hexamers.
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PMID:Evidence for two different mechanisms triggering the change in quaternary structure of the allosteric enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase. 1566 6

The D-amino acid amidase-producing bacterium was isolated from soil samples using an enrichment culture technique in medium broth containing D-phenylalanine amide as a sole source of nitrogen. The strain exhibiting the strongest activity was identified as Delftia acidovorans strain 16. This strain produced intracellular D-amino acid amidase constitutively. The enzyme was purified about 380-fold to homogeneity and its molecular mass was estimated to be about 50 kDa, on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was active preferentially toward D-amino acid amides rather than their L-counterparts. It exhibited strong amino acid amidase activity toward aromatic amino acid amides including D-phenylalanine amide, D-tryptophan amide and D-tyrosine amide, yet it was not specifically active toward low-molecular-weight D-amino acid amides such as D-alanine amide, L-alanine amide and L-serine amide. Moreover, it was not specifically active toward oligopeptides. The enzyme showed maximum activity at 40 degrees C and pH 8.5 and appeared to be very stable, with 92.5% remaining activity after the reaction was performed at 45 degrees C for 30 min. However, it was mostly inactivated in the presence of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride or Cd2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Hg2+ and As3+ . The NH2 terminal and internal amino acid sequences of the enzyme were determined; and the gene was cloned and sequenced. The enzyme gene damA encodes a 466-amino-acid protein (molecular mass 49,860.46 Da); and the deduced amino acid sequence exhibits homology to the D-amino acid amidase from Variovorax paradoxus (67.9% identity), the amidotransferase A subunit from Burkholderia fungorum (50% identity) and other enantioselective amidases.
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PMID:Purification, characterization, gene cloning and nucleotide sequencing of D: -stereospecific amino acid amidase from soil bacterium: Delftia acidovorans. 1595 27

Decarboxylases typically utilize an organic cofactor or a transition metal coupled with dioxygen to activate their substrates. The recent characterization of alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) has revealed that this enzyme adopts a TIM-barrel (beta/alpha)(8) fold and employs a mononuclear transition metal center to decarboxylate the substrate in an oxidant-independent fashion. Thus, ACMSD represents a type of decarboxylation reaction that has been so far uncharacterized in biological systems. Several close homologues of ACMSD were analyzed, including isoorotate decarboxylase (IDCase), 5-carboxyvanillic acid decarboxylase (5-CVD), gamma-resorcylate decarboxylase (gamma-RSD), and 4-oxalomesaconate hydratase (OMAH). These enzymes are involved in the catabolism of tryptophan and vanillate, the biodegradation of hydroxylbenzoates, and the thymidine salvage pathways in certain organisms. They possess the signature sequence motifs of the amidohydrolase superfamily and likely share the same structural and mechanistic characteristics as that of ACMSD. Analysis of the sequence conservation and evolutionary relationship of ACMSD-related proteins suggests an emerging ACMSD protein family that includes ACMSD and ACMSD-like decarboxylases and hydratases with diverse substrate specificities, many of which are poorly understood in regard to their functions and mechanisms. Progress in the biochemical and structural characterization of ACMSD not only sheds light on the active site of this protein family but also promises the elucidation of the detailed catalytic mechanism of these novel transition metal-dependent nonoxidative decarboxylation reactions.
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PMID:Transition metal-catalyzed nonoxidative decarboxylation reactions. 1693 93

Alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) is a widespread enzyme found in many bacterial species and all currently sequenced eukaryotic organisms. It occupies a key position at the branching point of two metabolic pathways: the tryptophan to quinolinate pathway and the bacterial 2-nitrobenzoic acid degradation pathway. The activity of ACMSD determines whether the metabolites in both pathways are converted to quinolinic acid for NAD biosynthesis or to acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle. Here we report the first high-resolution crystal structure of ACMSD from Pseudomonas fluorescens which validates our previous predictions that this enzyme is a member of the metal-dependent amidohydrolase superfamily of the (beta/alpha)(8) TIM barrel fold. The structure of the enzyme in its native form, determined at 1.65 A resolution, reveals the precise spatial arrangement of the active site metal center and identifies a potential substrate-binding pocket. The identity of the native active site metal was determined to be Zn. Also determined was the structure of the enzyme complexed with cobalt at 2.50 A resolution. The hydrogen bonding network around the metal center suggests that Arg51 and His228 may play important roles in catalysis. The metal center configuration of PfACMSD is very similar to that of Zn-dependent adenosine deaminase and Fe-dependent cytosine deaminase, suggesting that ACMSD may share certain similarities in its catalytic mechanism with these enzymes. These data enable us to propose possible catalytic mechanisms for ACMSD which appear to be unprecedented among all currently characterized decarboxylases.
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PMID:Crystal structure of alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase: insight into the active site and catalytic mechanism of a novel decarboxylation reaction. 1693 94

Approximately 17% of the human genome is comprised of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1, L1) non-LTR retrotransposons. L1 retrotransposition is known to be the cause of several genetic diseases, such as hemophilia A, Duchene muscular dystrophy, and so on. The L1 retroelements are also able to cause colon cancer, suggesting that L1 transposition could occur not only in germ cells, but also in somatic cells if innate immunity would not function appropriately. The mechanisms of L1 transposition restriction in the normal cells, however, are not fully defined. We here show that antiretroviral innate proteins, human APOBEC3 (hA3) family members, from hA3A to hA3H, differentially reduce the level of L1 retrotransposition that does not correlate either with antiviral activity against Vif-deficient HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus, or with patterns of subcellular localization. Importantly, hA3G protein inhibits L1 retrotransposition, in striking contrast to the recent reports. Inhibitory effect of hA3 family members on L1 transposition might not be due to deaminase activity, but due to novel mechanism(s). Thus, we conclude that all hA3 proteins act to differentially suppress uncontrolled transposition of L1 elements.
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PMID:All APOBEC3 family proteins differentially inhibit LINE-1 retrotransposition. 1743 59

1-Aminocyclopropane deaminase (ACC) and tryptophan monooxygenase are two enzymes involved in plant senescence-inhibiting and growth-promoting regulation, respectively. In this study, two binary vectors were constructed in which the Agrobacterium iaaM gene was under the transcriptional control of a xylem-specific glycine-rich protein promoter alone, or co-expressed with the bacterial ACC deaminase gene, which was driven by the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic petunia shoots co-expressing both genes were able to root on medium supplemented with 7.5 mg l(-1) CoCl2. When T1 transgenic tobacco plants were grown in sand supplemented with Cu2+ and Co2+, tissue specific co-expression of both iaaM and ACC deaminase genes showed faster growth with larger biomass with a more extensive root system, and accumulated a greater amount of heavy metals than the empty vector control plants. When T1 transgenic tobacco plants were grown in soil watered with different concentrations of CuSO4, xylem specific expression of the iaaM gene caused the accumulation of more Cu2+ than the empty vector control at lower CuSO4 concentrations, but showed severe toxic symptoms at concentration of 100 mg l(-1) CuSO4. T1 transgenic plants co-expressing both genes accumulated more heavy metals into the plant shoots and can tolerate CuSO4 at 150 mg l(-1). In addition, plants co-expressing these two genes can grow well in a complex contaminated soil containing both inorganic and organic pollutants, while the growth of the control plants was greatly inhibited.
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PMID:Enhancement of heavy metal accumulation by tissue specific co-expression of iaaM and ACC deaminase genes in plants. 1847 63

APOBEC3G (APO3G) is a cellular cytidine deaminase with potent antiviral activity. In the case of HIV, the antiviral activity of APO3G is counteracted by the viral Vif protein. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) are terminally differentiated, non-dividing cells susceptible to HIV infection. Human MDM are known to express APO3G and HIV replication in these cells is dependent on Vif. Here we analyzed the correlation between HIV-1 replication and APO3G expression in MDM. Replication of wild type HIV-1 induced a gradual 4-5-fold reduction in APO3G expression. The efficiency of APO3G downregulation correlated with the efficiency of virus replication. Interestingly, despite downregulation of APO3G, the relative infectivity of viruses rapidly declined during the course of infection and was already reduced approximately 90% prior to peak virus production. Cell-free virus preparations showed increased levels of a 41 kDa MA-CA processing intermediate. Sequence analysis around the MA-CA cleavage site and the protease and LTR regions did not reveal deaminase-induced hypermutation of the viral genome, suggesting that APO3G activity is not responsible for the incomplete Gag processing. Thus, the loss of infectivity of HIV-1 viruses produced from long-term infected primary macrophages is due to an APO3G-independent mechanism.
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PMID:APOBEC3G-independent reduction in virion infectivity during long-term HIV-1 replication in terminally differentiated macrophages. 1867 36

Two proteins from the amidohydrolase superfamily of enzymes were cloned, expressed, and purified to homogeneity. The first protein, Cc0300, was from Caulobacter crescentus CB-15 (Cc0300), while the second one (Sgx9355e) was derived from an environmental DNA sequence originally isolated from the Sargasso Sea ( gi|44371129 ). The catalytic functions and the substrate profiles for the two enzymes were determined with the aid of combinatorial dipeptide libraries. Both enzymes were shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of l-Xaa-l-Xaa dipeptides in which the amino acid at the N-terminus was relatively unimportant. These enzymes were specific for hydrophobic amino acids at the C-terminus. With Cc0300, substrates terminating in isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, and tryptophan were hydrolyzed. The same specificity was observed with Sgx9355e, but this protein was also able to hydrolyze peptides terminating in threonine. Both enzymes were able to hydrolyze N-acetyl and N-formyl derivatives of the hydrophobic amino acids and tripeptides. The best substrates identified for Cc0300 were l-Ala-l-Leu with k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values of 37 s(-1) and 1.1 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), respectively, and N-formyl-l-Tyr with k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values of 33 s(-1) and 3.9 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The best substrate identified for Sgx9355e was l-Ala-l-Phe with k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values of 0.41 s(-1) and 5.8 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1). The three-dimensional structure of Sgx9355e was determined to a resolution of 2.33 A with l-methionine bound in the active site. The alpha-carboxylate of the methionine is ion-paired to His-237 and also hydrogen bonded to the backbone amide groups of Val-201 and Leu-202. The alpha-amino group of the bound methionine interacts with Asp-328. The structural determinants for substrate recognition were identified and compared with other enzymes in this superfamily that hydrolyze dipeptides with different specificities.
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PMID:Functional annotation of two new carboxypeptidases from the amidohydrolase superfamily of enzymes. 1935 46

The different ionic molecules/compounds were used as a ligand for the immobilization of penicillin G acylase on the highly porous cellulose-based polymeric membrane having buffer flux 1,746 LMH (L m(-2) h(-1)) at 0.5 bar pressure. The immobilized enzyme activity around 250 U(App) was obtained with the ligand such as proline, tryptophan, casein acid hydrolysate, and brilliant green. Comparatively, proline showed less IMY% (percentage immobilization yield--58) but higher RTA% (percentage of activity retention--71) and specific activity (145 U(App) g(-1)). However, the crosslinked preparation of brilliant green obtained using glutaraldehyde showed 82 +/- 2.7% immobilized enzyme activity after the completion of successive five cycles. In comparison with the free enzyme, the enzyme immobilized on the brilliant green coupled membrane showed around 2.4-fold increase in K (m) value (47.4 mM) as well as similar optimum pH (7.2) and temperature (40 degrees C). The immobilized enzyme retained almost 50% activity after 107 days and 50 cycles of operation. Almost 50% decrease in buffer flux after enzyme immobilization was observed. At the end of the 30 cycles, flux pattern shows around 38% decrease in buffer flux however, after 16 cycles of operation flux moves closer towards the steady state.
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PMID:Studies of penicillin g acylase immobilization using highly porous cellulose-based polymeric membrane. 1948 9


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